| 1 Use of pharmacological pain relief/anaesthesia |
5 |
1800 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.94 [0.83, 1.07] |
| 1.1 3rd trimester |
5 |
1800 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.94 [0.83, 1.07] |
| 2 Satisfaction with pain relief |
1 |
264 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
1.06 [0.94, 1.20] |
| 3 Satisfaction with pain relief (reported two weeks postnatal) |
1 |
|
Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) |
Subtotals only |
| 3.1 Pethidine |
1 |
72 |
Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.41 [‐0.45, 1.27] |
| 3.2 Entenox |
1 |
357 |
Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.19 [‐0.19, 0.57] |
| 3.3 Self‐hypnosis |
1 |
160 |
Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.28 [‐0.32, 0.88] |
| 3.4 Epidural |
1 |
127 |
Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) |
‐0.03 [‐0.40, 0.34] |
| 3.5 Water immersion |
1 |
174 |
Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.52 [0.04, 1.00] |
| 4 Coping in labour (7‐point scale) |
1 |
420 |
Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.22 [‐0.14, 0.58] |
| 5 Spontaneous vaginal birth |
4 |
1765 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.99 [0.91, 1.07] |
| 5.1 3rd trimester |
4 |
1765 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.99 [0.91, 1.07] |
| 6 Pain intensity (memory of labour pain reported two weeks postnatal) |
1 |
|
Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) |
Subtotals only |
| 6.1 Memory of labour pain ‐ "Worst imaginable" |
1 |
430 |
Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.05 [‐4.14, 4.24] |
| 6.2 Memory of labour pain ‐ "Completely unbearable" |
1 |
429 |
Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) |
‐0.26 [‐4.92, 4.40] |
| 7 Satisfaction with childbirth experience |
2 |
370 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
1.36 [0.52, 3.59] |
| 8 Satisfaction with childbirth experience (Mean Wijmas‐Delivery Expectancy/Experience Questionnaire score at 6 weeks postpartum) |
1 |
678 |
Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) |
‐4.60 [‐8.34, ‐0.86] |
| 9 Breastfeeding at discharge (any) |
3 |
1380 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
1.02 [0.96, 1.08] |
| 10 Assisted vaginal birth |
4 |
1765 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.88 [0.72, 1.06] |
| 11 Caesarean section |
3 |
1700 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
1.17 [0.97, 1.42] |
| 12 Admission to neonatal intensive care unit |
3 |
1697 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
1.44 [0.67, 3.12] |
| 13 Apgar score less than 7 at 5 minutes |
2 |
1028 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.86 [0.18, 4.19] |
| 14 Preterm birth |
1 |
723 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.98 [0.47, 2.05] |
| 15 Use of epidural/neuroaxial block |
5 |
1803 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
1.02 [0.89, 1.16] |
| 16 Length of labour (minutes) |
1 |
499 |
Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) |
‐22.70 [‐79.41, 34.01] |
| 17 Perineal trauma |
1 |
723 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.92 [0.78, 1.09] |
| 18 Induction of labour |
3 |
1693 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
1.04 [0.84, 1.28] |
| 19 Augmentation of labour |
3 |
1671 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
1.02 [0.89, 1.15] |
| 20 Primary postpartum haemorrhage (> 500 mL) |
2 |
1028 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
1.14 [0.60, 2.15] |
| 21 Cost (as defined by trialists) |
1 |
672 |
Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) |
4.83 [‐257.78, 267.44] |
| 22 Need for postpartum blood transfusion |
2 |
827 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
1.30 [0.55, 3.04] |
| 23 Postnatal depression |
3 |
1068 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
1.15 [0.80, 1.66] |
| 24 Postnatal depression |
1 |
376 |
Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) |
‐0.21 [‐0.28, ‐0.15] |
| 25 Other adverse events ‐ women readmitted to hospital |
1 |
267 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
1.56 [0.62, 3.90] |
| 26 Other adverse events ‐ infants readmitted to hospital |
1 |
267 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
1.39 [0.64, 3.02] |
| 27 Other adverse events ‐ maternal admission to HDU/ICU |
1 |
305 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
1.47 [0.25, 8.68] |
| 28 Other adverse events ‐ stillbirth |
1 |
522 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
2.91 [0.30, 27.79] |
