Freeman 1986.

Methods	Randomised controlled trial conducted in St George's Hospital Medical School, London, UK.
Participants	65 women participated in this trial, 29 in the intervention group and 36 in the control group. Inclusion criteria: "normal pregnancy and a desire to avoid epidural anaesthesia".
Interventions	In the intervention group women "attended routine weekly antenatal classes". They "were also seen individually every week from 32 weeks' gestation" where they received "hypnosis regarding relaxation and pain relief. Patients were encouraged to imagine warmth or anaesthesia in 1 hand and shown how to transfer this to the abdomen". In the control group women "attended routine weekly antenatal classes".
Outcomes	Pain intensity (linear analogue scale); satisfaction with childbirth experience (“very satisfied" with labour (score 8‐10 on linear analogue scale); assisted vaginal birth; use of additional analgesia (epidural, pethidine); spontaneous vaginal birth; length of labour, duration of pregnancy.
Notes
Risk of bias
Bias	Authors' judgement	Support for judgement
Random sequence generation (selection bias)	Unclear risk	Randomly assigned – no other detail.
Allocation concealment (selection bias)	Unclear risk	Not reported.
Blinding of participants (objective outcomes)	Low risk	Not reported, but lack of blinding unlikely to have an impact.
Blinding of participants (subjective outcomes)	Unclear risk	Not reported.
Blinding of personnel (performance bias)	Unclear risk	Not reported.
Blinding of outcome assessment (detection bias) All outcomes	Unclear risk	Not reported.
Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) All outcomes	High risk	17 excluded after randomisation due to: pre‐eclampsia (1), breech presentation (3), caesarean section (9), failed to attend for hypnosis (4).
Selective reporting (reporting bias)	Unclear risk	Did not report pain efficacy data ‐ but short report so limit on reporting of data.
Other bias	Unclear risk	No baseline characteristics table.