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. 1998;77:399–411. doi: 10.1385/0-89603-397-X:399

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© Humana Press Inc. 1998

This article is made available via the PMC Open Access Subset for unrestricted research re-use and secondary analysis in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for the duration of the World Health Organization (WHO) declaration of COVID-19 as a global pandemic.

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graphic file with name 978-1-59259-563-1_28_Fig2_HTML.jpg — Fig. 2 The signals that cause frameshifting in four different systems. (A) MMTV gag-pro frameshift signal −1 simultaneous slippage frameshifting in mouse mammary tumour virus (MMTV). (B) dnaX frameshift signal −1 dual tRNA slippage in the E. coli dnaX gene. (C) prf frameshift signal +1 frameshifting in the release factors gene prfB in E. coli. (D) Ty1 frameshift signal. +1 frameshifting in retrotransposon Ty1 in yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae All the frameshift events shown require a pause that is provided by a pseudoknot (A), stem-loop structure (B), stop codon (C), or a slowly decoded codon (D) as well as require a slippery sequence. Frameshifting in the dnaX (B) and the prfB (C) genes also require interaction between the Shine-Dalgarno sequence and the complementary sequence in the 16s rRNA.