Figure - PMC

Skip to main content

An official website of the United States government

Here's how you know

Here's how you know

Official websites use .gov
A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States.

Secure .gov websites use HTTPS
A lock ( ) or https:// means you've safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites.

View full-text article in PMC

. 2017 Oct 18;967:105–137. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-63245-2_8

Search in PMC
Search in PubMed
View in NLM Catalog
Add to search

© Springer International Publishing AG 2017

This article is made available via the PMC Open Access Subset for unrestricted research re-use and secondary analysis in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for the duration of the World Health Organization (WHO) declaration of COVID-19 as a global pandemic.

PMC Copyright notice

Fig. 3. — The antioxidant system in cells. Enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidants catalyze reactions to neutralize free radicals by donating electrons. Enzymatic antioxidants catalyze reactions to neutralize specific free radicals such that superoxide dismutase (SOD) dismutates superoxide to hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), and catalase and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) convert hydrogen peroxide to water. GPx also converts lipid hyroperoxides (LOOH) to lipid alcohols or aldehydes (LOH). Glutathione reductase replenishes reduced glutathione (GSH) pools from oxidized glutathione (GSSG) using NADPH as reducing equivalents. Nonenzymatic antioxidants such as vitamins, flavonoids and glutathione can also reduce free radicals by donating electrons