Table 1.

Group 2a CoVs, Their Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Approaches

Virus	Disease	Test samples	Diagnostic tests	References
HuCoV OC-43 (Human coronavirus)	Respiratory infection	Respiratory secretions	RT-PCR, ELISA	(1,17,55)
(Human coronavirus)
HuCoV HKU1	Respiratory infection	Respiratory secretions	RT-PCR, ELISA	(3,18)
(Human coronavirus)
BCoV (Bovine coronavirus)	Enteric and respiratory infection	Feces and respiratory secretions, serum for serolgy	RT-PCR, ELISA,IFA, IEM	(2,27,28,38,50,51,52)
MHV(Mouse hepatitis virus)	Respiratory and enteric infections, hepatitis, splenolysis, immune dysfunction, acute encephalitis, and chronic demyelinating disease of the brain and spinal cord	Liver, spleen, lung, intestines, feces, brain homogenates	RT-PCR, ELISA, IFA, infant mouse bioassay, MAP (mouse antibody production) test	(14–16,24,26,56)
SDAV (Rat sialodacryo- adenitis virus) PRC (Parker's rat coronavirus)	Sialodacryoadenitis and respiratory illness	Salivary glands, nasal turbinates, trachea, lung, respiratory secretions, serum for serology	RT-PCR, IFA, ELISA	(23–26)
PHEV (Porcine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus)	Two clinical forms: the vomiting and wasting disease (VWD) and the encephalitic forms (confined almost exclusively to pigs <4 weeks old)	Brain stem cell homo-genates, throat swabs, serum for serology	RT-PCR, ELISA, HI, serum neutral- ization plaque reduction	( 19 )
ECoV	Enteric infection	Feces	RT-PCR	( 22 )
(Equine coronavirus)
CRCoV (Canine respiratory coronavirus)	Respiratory infection	Respiratory secretions, serum for serology	RT-PCR, ELISA	(20,21)