. 2011 Apr 3;354:181–195. doi: 10.1007/82_2011_122

Table 1.

Category A–C Biothreats

Toxins

Botulinum neurotoxins^a,A

Shigatoxin^a

Tetrodotoxin^a

T-2 toxin^a

Staphylococcal enterotoxins^a,B

Ricin^a,A

Diacetoxyscirpenol^a

Conotoxins^a

Abrin^a

Saxitoxin^a

Shiga-like ribosome inactivating proteins^a

Clostridium perfringens epsilon toxin^a,B

Viruses

Eastern equine encephalitis^a,B

Hendra virus^b

Variola major (smallpox)^a,A

Variola minor (alastrim)^a,A

Monkeypox^a,A

Filoviruses

Ebola virus^a,A

Marburg virus^a,A

Arenaviruses

Junin^a,A

Machupo^a,A

Guanarito^a,A

Flexal^a,A

Sabia^a,A

Lassa^a,A

Japanese encephalitis virus^B

Venezuelan equine encephalitis^b,B

Dengue^A

LaCrosse^B

California encephalitis^B

Western equine encephalitis^B

Bunyaviruses

Hantaviruses^A

Rift Valley Fever^b,A

Chikungunya^C

Hepatitis A^B

Yellow fever^C

Rabies^C

Nipah virus^b

Tick-borne encephalitis complex (flavivirus)

Central European tick-borne encephalitis^a

Kyasanur forest disease^a,B

Omsk hemorrhagic fever^a

Far eastern tick-borne encephalitis^a

Russian spring/summer encephalitis ^a

Avian influenza virus (highly pathogenic)^c

Reconstructed 1918 influenza virus^a

Cercopithecine herpesvirus 1 (Herpes B virus)^a

Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)^C

Caliciviruses^B

Influenza^C

West nile virus^B

Crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever^a,C

Bacteria/Rickettsia

Bacillus anthracis ^b,A

Brucella abortus ^b,B

Brucella melitensis ^b,B

Brucella suis ^b,B

Burkholderia mallei ^b,B

Burkholderia pseudomallei ^b,B

Coxiella burnetii ^a,B

Francisella tularensis ^a,A

Yersinia pestis ^a,A

Rickettsia prowazekii ^a,B

Rickettsia rickettsii ^a

Pathogenic vibrios^B

Shigella species^B

Salmonella species^B

Listeria monocytogenes ^B

Yersinia enterolitica ^B

Campylobacter jejuni ^B

Multi-drug resistant tuberculosis^C

Other Rickettsias^C

Chlamydia psittaci ^A

Diarrheagenic E. coli ^B

Botulinum toxin-producing species of Clostridium ^a

Protozoa

Cryptosporidium parvum ^B

Cyclospora cayatanensis ^B

Entamoeba histolytica ^B

Toxoplasma^B

Giardia lamblia ^B

Fungi

Coccidioides posadasii ^a

Coccidioides immitis ^a

Microsporidia^B

Listing of the biological agents considered to be a threat to human health as a compilation from a number of sources including the 1) select agents and toxins provided by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) and 2) the priority pathogens from the National Institutes of Health/National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) (www3.niaid.nih.gov/topics/BiodefenseRelated/Biodefense/research/CatA.htm)

^aSelect Agents and Toxins designated by DHHS/CDC

^bOverlap select agents and toxins that are designated and regulated by both DHHS/CDC and the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA)

^cSelect agents designated and regulated by the USDA

^{A, B, C} NIH/NIAID priority pathogens group A, B or C