Table 11.2.
Routes of delivery and animal models
| Delivery route | Administration | Advantages | Disadvantages | Common animal models |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Oral | Feed, water, intragastric tube, gut-loop model | Induction of mucosal immunity, easy to administer | Uptake via the mucosa remains difficult, requires special delivery systems | Most species including mice, rats, poultry, ferrets, pigs, sheep, cattle, dogs, and fish |
| Occular | Droplets, spray | Induction of mucosal immunity | Delivery difficult in most species | Poultry, fish |
| Intranasal | Spray, droplets | Induction of mucosal immunity | Problematic in smaller animals; not practical in some live-stock species | Mice, rats, dogs, pigs, sheep, cattle, horses |
| Intravaginal | Suspension; emulsion | Mucosal immune response, local | Not practical in many species | Mice, guinea pigs, pigs, cattle |
| Topical | Patches, crème | Systemic immune response | Not practical in many species | Mice, pigs, cattle |
| Intradermal | Patch, micro-needles, gene-gun, electroporation, laser | Systemic immune response; good uptake by APC | Not always practical | Mice, pigs, cattle |
| Intramuscular | Syringe, needle, injector, gene-gun | Systemic immune response | Local site reactions, may affect carcass quality | Most species |
| Intraperitoneal | Syringe, needle, injector | Systemic immune response | Risk of injecting into intestine | Mice, fish |
APC antigen presenting cell