Table 2.

Illustrative works described in the literature employing nanostructures for the detection of animal pathogens

Target pathogen(s)	Nanostructuresa	Transduction mechanism	LOD or sensitivity	References
Canine parvovirus	PNA	Fluorescence	40–2,000 copies/μl (89.8 %)	[105]
Influenza virus (H5)	MB	Fluorescence	0.6 nM	[37]
Influenza virus (H5N1)	GNPs and Ag enhancer	Light scattering	103 TCID50 units	[69]
Influenza virus (H5N1)	DNA aptamer	SPR	1.28 HAU	[87]
Influenza virus (H1N1)	GNPs	Fluorescence and surface-enhanced Raman scattering	–	[93]
Influenza virus (H5N1)	Complementary oxide semiconductor (CMOS)	Impedance spectroscopy	5 nM (10−11 F)	[98]
Influenza virus (H5N1)	DNA aptamer/hydrogel	QCM	0.0128 HAU	[102]
16 avian influenza viruses	Magnetic beads	Colorimetry (HA test and LAT test) and RT-PCR	16–1,024 HAU	[106]
Feline calicivirus	Liposomes	Fluorescence	1.6 × 105 PFU/ml	[5]
Pestiviruses (Classical swine fever virus; Border disease virus; Bovine viral diarrhea virus 1 and 2)	Magnetic beads	Optic (visual; microscopy; chip reader)	–	[55]
Alexandrium sp. complex	PNA and cyanine-derived fluorophore (DiSC2(5))	Colorimetry	–	[89]
B. anthracis	SWCNT	Raman spectroscopy	–	[97]
B. anthracis	Electrically active magnetic NPs	Cyclic voltammetry	0.01 ng/μl	[94]
B. anthracis	GNPs	QCM	3.5 × 102 CFU/ml	[95]
B. anthracis; S. enteritidis	GNPs, magnetic NPs and NP tracers (PbS and CdS)	Square wave anodic stripping voltammetry	50 pg/ml	[90]
E. coli	DNA aptamer	Impedance spectroscopy	10−7 M	[79]
E. coli	Alginic acid-coated Co magnetic beads	Transmission electron microscopy	10 cells/ml	[86]
E. coli	Fe2O3/Au magnetic NP and magnetic NPs	Amperometry	5 CFU/ml	[99]
E. coli O157:H7	Aluminum anodized oxide (AAO) nanopore membrane	Cyclic voltammetry and impedance spectroscopy	0.5 nM	[91]
E. coli O157:H7	Magnetic beads and QDs	Fluorescence	250 zM	[104]
F. tularensis	MB	Fluorescence	–	[84]
M. avium	GNPs	Colorimetry	1.875 ng/μl (87.5–100 %)	[100]
M. tuberculosis; M. bovis	GNPs	Colorimetry	5 × 10−8 M	[85]
S. aureus	GNPs/poly-3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (PEDOT) film	Chronoamperometry	≤150 pM	[96]
S. aureus	GNPs/PANI nanofibers	Cyclic voltammetry	pM range	[101]
S. aureus (MRSA)	PNA	Impedance spectroscopy	10 pM	[103]
Y. enterocolitica	Carbon ionic liquid electrode and V2O5 nanobelt/MWCNT/chitosan	Differential pulse voltammetry	1.76 × 10−12 M	[92]
C. perfringens; C. tetani; S. pneumoniae; P. aeruginosa; E. coli	GNPs	QCM	1.5 × 102 CFU/ml (94.12 %)	[83]
Salmonellae	GNPs and Ag enhancer	Colorimetry	104 cells	[88]

^aMicro-scaled magnetic particle labels are also considered in this table