Table 2.
Probable Molecular Targets for Phytochemicals in Cancer Stem Cells (CSCs). (Adapted from Kawasaki et al. 2008; Subramaniam et al. 2010; Li et al. 2011, and the references cited in text)
| Targeted process | Molecular targets | Phytochemicals (Examples Of Sources) |
|---|---|---|
| Signaling Pathways | ||
| Hedgehog | Gli | Cyclopamine [Corn lily] |
| Smo | EGCG [Green tea] | |
| Genistein [Soy] | ||
| Quercetin [Apples, onions] | ||
| Sulforaphane [Broccoli, cabbages] | ||
| Wnt | β-catenin | EGCG [Green tea] |
| Sulforaphane [Broccoli, cabbages] | ||
| Notch | Notch | Curcumin [Turmeric] |
| Resveratrol [Grapes, peanuts] | ||
| Kinases | Protein tyr kinase | Genistein [Soy] |
| Inflammation | NFκB | Curcumin [Turmeric] |
| Parthenolide [Feverfew] | ||
| IL-6 | Resveratrol [Grapes, peanuts] | |
| STAT-3 | Cucurbitacin [Cucumber, pumpkins] | |
| Resveratrol [Grapes, peanuts] | ||
| Drug Resistance | ||
| Efflux | ABCG2 | Curcumin [Turmeric] |
| Piperine [Black pepper] | ||
| Metabolism | ALDH | Curcumin [Turmeric] |
| Sulforaphane [Broccoli, cabbages] | ||
| AMPK | EGCG [Green tea] | |
| Hsp 27 | Quercetin [Apples, onions] | |
| ROS | EGCG [Green tea] | |
| Sulforaphane [Broccoli, cabbages] | ||
| EMT | Slug | Resveratrol [Grapes, peanuts] |
| Metastasis | MMP-9 | EGCG [Green tea] |
| Apoptosis | Bax | I3C [Broccoli, cabbages] |
| Caspase | Resveratrol [Grapes, peanuts] | |
| Autophagy | LC3 | Curcumin [Turmeric] |
| Differentiation | RAR | Retinoic acid [Spinach, carrots] |
ABCG-2 ATP-binding cassette transporter 2, ALDH aldehyde dehydrogenase, AMPK AMP-activated protein kinase, Bax B cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) associated X protein is a proapoptotic protein, β-catenin beta catenin, a protein in the Wnt signaling pathway, Caspase cysteine-dependent aspartate-directed protease are proteinases functional in apoptosis, EGCG epigallocatechin gallate, EMT Epithelial mesenchymal transition, Gli zinc finger transcription factor in Hedgehog signaling pathway, Hsp 27 heat shock protein 27 is a chaperone protein, I3C indole-3-carbinol, IL-6 interleukin 6, LC3 microtubule associated protein light chain 3 is a marker for autophagy, MMP-9 matrix metalloproteinase 9, NFkB, transcription factor nuclear factor kappa B, Notch a membrane protein in the notch signaling pathway, RAR retinoic acid receptor, ROS reactive oxygen species, STAT 3 signal transducer and activator of transcription 3, Slug transcription factor Slug is important for EMT, Smo plasma membrane Smoothed in Hedgehog signaling pathway, Tyr tyrosine