Table 1. Included studies.
| First Author, Year | Study Design | Study Country | Number of Included Patients | Mean Patient Age (years) | Included Outcomes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Al-Allawi, 2016 [24] | Prospective cohort | Iraq | 94 | ≥3 | Elevated TRV |
| Aleem, 2010 [25] | Prospective cohort | Saudi Arabia | 67 | 23.8 | Proteinuria |
| Ambrusko, 2006 [26] | Retrospective | US | 44 | 14.82 | TRV elevation |
| Ataga, 2006 [27] | Prospective cohort | US | 76 | 38.4 vs. 42.3 | Risk of PHT* |
| Bakanay, 2005 [28] | Retrospective | US | 226 | 16–68 | Mortality |
| Belisario, 2016 [29] | Prospective cohort (2 cohorts) | Brazil | 395 | At time of stroke or end of f/u: 4.67; 9.35 | Risk of stroke |
| 338 | At time of high–risk TCD or end of f/u: 6.69; 8.68 | High–risk TCD† | |||
| Bernaudin 2008 [30] | Prospective cohort | France | 373 | NR (children) | High TCD values |
| Bernaudin, 2015 [14] | Prospective cohort | France | 189 | Median age at first MRI/MRA: 5.4 Median age at MRI/MRA with cervical assessment: 8.7 | SCI |
| Chaturvedi, 2018 [12] | Retrospective | US | 150 | Median: 25.5 | Mortality |
| DeBaun, 2012 [31] | Cross-sectional | International | 814 | 9.06 vs. 9.35 | SCI |
| De Castro, 2008 [32] | Retrospective | US | 125 | 39.3 | Changes in TRV |
| Domingos, 2014 [33] | Prospective cohort | Brazil | 261 | NR | Stroke |
| Feld, 2015 [34] | Prospective cohort | US | 247 | 36.2 | Mortality |
| Gladwin, 2004 [35] | Prospective cohort | US | 195 | 36 | Association with TRV |
| Gurkan, 2010 [36] | Retrospective | US | 40 | 5–20 | Microalbuminuria |
| Hsu, 2003 [37] | Retrospective | US | 314 | 2–16 | TCD status |
| Iwalokun, 2012 [38] | Prospective cohort | Nigeria | 103 | 20.7 vs. 15.7 | Albuminuria |
| Kassim, 2015 [39] | Retrospective | US | 430 | ≥21 | Mortality |
| King, 2011 [40] | Prospective cohort | Jamaica | 244 | 7.2 | Microalbuminuria |
| King, 2014 [41] | RCT (2 cohorts) | US | 150 | 9.2vs. 8.5 | SCI |
| Knight-Madden, 2013 [42] | Prospective cohort | Jamaica | 75 | 23.9 vs. 23.1 | Mortality |
| Kwiatkowski, 2009 [43] | Retrospective | US | 96 | 3.7 | SCI |
| Kwiatkowski, 2011 [44] | Prospective cohort (2 cohorts) | US | 195 | 10.9 vs. 7.6 | Conversion to normal TCD |
| Lebensburger, 2019 [45] | Prospective cohort | US | 91 | 5–21 | Proteinuria |
| Lebensburger, 2011 [46] | Retrospective (2 cohorts) | US | 144 | NR | Microalbuminuria |
| Lobo, 2015 [47] | Prospective cohort | Brazil | 125 | 27.6 vs. 34.7 | TRV status |
| Makani, 2011 [48] | Prospective cohort | Tanzania | 1,725 | Median: 8 | Mortality |
| Mawanda, 2011 [49] | Prospective cohort | Uganda | 305 | 9.7 | Microalbuminuria |
| McBurney, 2002 [16] | Retrospective | US | 142 | 2–20 | Microalbuminuria |
| McKie, 2007 [50] | Retrospective (2 cohorts) | US | 191 | 3–20 | Microalbuminuria/proteinuria |
| McPherson Yee, 2011 [51] | Retrospective (2 cohorts) | US | 410 | 11.3 | CKD and albuminuria |
| Naoman, 2010 [52] | Retrospective | US | 105 | Median: 37 | TRV |
| Nebor, 2010 [53] | Prospective cohort | Guadalupe | 189 | 34.8 | Albuminuria |
| Nelson, 2007 [54] | Prospective cohort | US | 53 | 12.1 | Elevated TRV |
| Rankine-Mullings, 2015 [55] | Retrospective | Jamaica | 40 | 13.9 vs. 15.3 | Mortality |
| Sachdev, 2011 [56] | Prospective | US, UK | 483 | 36 | TRV |
| Sedrak, 2009 [57] | Prospective cohort | US | 48 | 12 | TRV |
| Silva, 2011 [58] | Prospective cohort | Brazil | 291 | 6.2 | Cerebrovascular disease |
| Sokunbi, 2017 [59] | Prospective cohort | Nigeria | 175 | 8.8 | TRV |
| Villagra, 2007 [60] | Prospective cohort | US | 33 | 37 vs. 43 | Elevated TRV |
| Voskaridou, 2007 [61] | Prospective cohort | Greece | 84 | 35 | TRV |
CKD, chronic kidney disease; f/u, follow-up; MRA, magnetic resonance angiography; MRI, magnetic resonance imaging; NR, not reported; PHT, pulmonary hypertension; RCT, randomized controlled trial; SCI, silent cerebral infarct; TCD, transcranial Doppler; TRV, tricuspid regurgitant velocity; UK, United Kingdom; US, United States.
* PHT assessed by TRV and pulmonary artery systolic pressure measurement.
† Defined as a time-averaged mean of the maximal velocity ≥200 cm/sec in the internal carotid or middle cerebral artery on two recordings.