Table 3. Chi-square and Odds Ratio (Unadjusted) values of covariates between improvement and worsening groups (n = 35).
| Variables | Improvement (n = 21) | Worsening (n = 14) | p Value | Unadjusted OR |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Statistics | (95%IC) | |||
| Sociodemographics | ||||
| Males, n (%) | 19 (90.5) | 11 (78.6) | 0.324b | 2.59 (0.37–17.97) |
| Age (years), mean (SD) | 65.6 (6.3) | 65.7 (10.2) | 0.966c | 0.99 (0.91–1.08) |
| Primary studies, n (%) | 12 (57.1) | 9 (64.3) | 0.673b | 0.74 (0.18–2.98) |
| Married, n (%) | 18 (85.7) | 13 (92.9) | 0.515b | 0.46 (0.04–4.95) |
| Clinical | ||||
| Pulmonary-related | ||||
| FEV1 (% predicted), mean (SD) | 56.2 (21.9) | 46.2 (9.9) | 0.120c | 1.03 (0.99–1.07) |
| FVC (% predicted), mean (SD) | 72.9 (24.3) | 65.7 (12.8) | 0.319c | 1.01 (0.98–1.05) |
| Physical performance | ||||
| 6WMT (meters), mean (SD) | 358.4 (108.8) | 340.0 (88.3) | 0.602c | 1.00 (0.99–1.00) |
| 5STS (≤ 13.6 seconds), n (%) | 10 (47.6) | 1 (7.1%) | 0.012b | 11.81 (1.30–107.39) |
| Quadriceps strength (Kg), mean (SD) | 15.6 (2.8) | 16.3 (2.7) | 0.489c | 0.91 (0.71–1.77) |
| Self-perceived health | ||||
| Dyspnea (≥ 2 mMRC), n (%) | 4 (19.0) | 4 (28.6) | 0.511b | 0.58 (0.12–2.88) |
| CAT score, mean (SD) | 10.9 (6.1) | 16.9 (8.7) | 0.023c | 0.89 (0.80–0.99) |
| 36-Short self-reported health | ||||
| (good to excellent), n (%) | 6 (28.6) | 4 (28.6) | 1.000b | 1.00 (0.22–4.46) |
| Self-reported mobility, mean (SD) | 14.7 (10.5) | 23.3 (20.0) | 0.107c | 0.95 (0.90–1.01) |
| Other health-related variables | ||||
| BMI (kg/m2), mean (SD) | 28.4 (3.9) | 29.7 (4.6) | 0.403c | 0.93 (0.78–1.09) |
| Current smoker, n (%) | 5 (23.8) | 6 (42.9) | 0.234b | 0.41 (0.97–1.79) |
| Comorbidities (≥ 4), n (%) | 6 (28.6) | 3 (21.4) | 0.636b | 1.46 (0.29–7.18) |
| Exacerbationsa (≥ 2), n (%) | 8 (38.1) | 12 (85.7) | 0.005b | 0.10 (0.01–0.58) |
a: Moderate or severe exacerbations in the previous year
b: p value for Chi-square test
c: p value for t-test.
Abbreviations: SD, standard deviation; FEV1, forced expiratory volume in 1s; FVC, forced vital capacity; 6MWT, six-minute walking test; 5STS, five-times sit-to-stand; mMRC, modified Medical Research Council; CAT: COPD assessment test; BMI: body mass index.