Extended Data Figure 4. Training paradigm for negative reinforcement assay.

a, A diagram of training paradigm using foot shock. Each lever press pauses continuous foot shock for 20 sec. b, A total number of lever press in each condition during the 30-min session (n = 5 for eYFP and n = 6 mice for ChR2). c, Animals were conditioned to perform lever press without foot shock pre-training sessions (n = 6 mice). *P<0.05 by two-tailed Wilcoxon test. Data presented as mean ± s.e.m.