Table 75.1.
Specimens and viruses by clinical syndrome
| Syndrome | Common | Uncommon | Specimens |
|---|---|---|---|
| Aseptic meningitis | Enteroviruses (Coxsackie, echo), mumps | Polio, LCMV, HSV-2, adenovirus | NP-throat, CSF, urine, stool, serum for LCMV |
| Encephalitis | Arbovirusesa, HSV-1, -2 | Mumps, measles, influenza, rubella, VZV, rabies, EBVa, enteroviruses | NP-throat, stool, CSF, brain biopsy (if herpes suspected), serum |
| URI, bronchitis, “flu” | Rhinovirus, parainfluenza, influenza, adenovirus, enterovirus, RSV | Measles, coronavirus (NL,HK), bocavirus | NP-throat, nasal aspirate |
| Croup | Parainfluenza | RSV, adenovirus, influenza | NP-throat, nasal aspirate |
| Pneumonia | RSV, adenovirus, influenza, metapneumovirus | Parainfluenza, CMV, rhinovirus, measles, rubella, HSV, VZV, enterovirus | NP-throat, stool, tracheal, aspirate, nasal aspirate, urine, serum |
| Bronchiolitis | RSV, influenza | Influenza, adenovirus, rhinovirus | NP-throat, nasal aspirate |
| Rashes – vesicular | VZV, HSV-1, -2 | Vaccinia, enterovirus | Vesicular fluid, NP-throat, stool (for enterovirus), serum |
| Rashes – non-vesicular | Measles, rubella, enterovirus | EBVa, Hepatitis B virus | NP-throat, stool (for enterovirus), serum |
| Congenital infection | CMV, HSV-2, rubella | Parvovirus B19 | NP-throat, stool, pleural fluid, pericardial fluid, serum |
| Pleurodynia, pericarditis | Enterovirus (Coxsackie and echo) | Polio virus, mumps, influenza, adenovirus | NP-throat, stool, pleural fluid, pericardial fluid, serum |
| Eye lesions (keratitis, keratoconjunctivitis, conjunctivitis) | HSV-1, -2, adenovirus | Measles | Eye swabs, NP-throat, nasal washing |
| Gastroenteritis | Rotavirus norovirusa, adenovirus | Enterovirus (newborns), influenza | Stool, NP-throat, urine |
| Hepatitis | Hepatitis A, B, Ca, D, EBVa, CMV, VZV | Enterovirus, adenovirus, HSV-1, -2 | Serum, NP-throat, stool, urine |
| Parotitis | Mumps parainfluenza, influenza | Adenovirus, LCMV, EBVa, enterovirus | NP-throat, urine, nasal aspirate, serum |
CMV cytomegalovirus; CSF cerebrospinal fluid; EBV Epstein-Barr virus; HSV herpes simplex virus; LCMV lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus; NP nasopharyngeal aspirate; RSV respiratory syncytial virus; VZV varicella-zoster virus
aNot cultivable in the routine laboratory; electron microscopy or serologic diagnosis available