Table 3.
Mortality risk ratios (95% CI) associated with a 10 ppb increase in long-term spatio-temporal and temporal NO2 in PM2.5-adjusted health models: by region and cause of death.
| Cause of death and region | Spatio-temporal NO2a | Temporal NO2a |
|---|---|---|
| All-cause | ||
| US | 1.009 (1.001, 1.016) | 2.019 (1.992, 2.047) |
| West | 0.992 (0.979, 1.006) | 2.370 (2.280, 2.464) |
| Center | 1.035 (1.017, 1.053) | 1.655 (1.615, 1.696) |
| East | 0.992 (0.982, 1.002) | 1.623 (1.598, 1.648) |
| Accidental | ||
| US | 0.917 (0.873, 0.964) | 0.872 (0.795, 0.956) |
| West | 0.984 (0.887, 1.092) | 0.844 (0.635, 1.122) |
| Center | 0.821 (0.742, 0.908) | 0.665 (0.574, 0.771) |
| East | 1.014 (0.944, 1.088) | 0.903 (0.811, 1.006) |
| Non-accidental | ||
| US | 1.011 (1.003, 1.018) | 2.056 (2.029, 2.085) |
| West | 0.992 (0.979, 1.006) | 2.417 (2.324, 2.514) |
| Center | 1.042 (1.024, 1.060) | 1.697 (1.656, 1.740) |
| East | 0.992 (0.981, 1.002) | 1.643 (1.618, 1.669) |
| All cardiovascular | ||
| US | 1.042 (1.031, 1.054) | 4.034 (3.949, 4.121) |
| West | 1.026 (1.006, 1.048) | 3.663 (3.452, 3.887) |
| Center | 1.171 (1.139, 1.205) | 3.143 (3.022, 3.269) |
| East | 0.988 (0.972, 1.004) | 2.647 (2.583, 2.713) |
| Ischemic heart disease | ||
| US | 1.058 (1.042, 1.074) | 5.628 (5.468, 5.793) |
| West | 1.045 (1.018, 1.074) | 4.908 (4.533, 5.313) |
| Center | 1.197 (1.197, 1.246) | 4.204 (3.975, 4.445) |
| East | 1.007 (1.007, 1.028) | 3.238 (3.134, 3.346) |
| Cerebrovascular disease | ||
| US | 1.046 (1.018, 1.075) | 5.806 (5.508, 6.121) |
| West | 1.075 (1.024, 1.129) | 4.059 (3.541, 4.652) |
| Center | 1.183 (1.108, 1.264) | 3.640 (3.327, 3.982) |
| East | 0.994 (0.955, 1.035) | 3.436 (3.223, 3.663) |
| Congestive heart failure | ||
| US | 1.026 (0.980, 1.075) | 1.231 (1.132, 1.339) |
| West | 1.035 (0.941, 1.138) | 2.101 (1.604, 2.751) |
| Center | 1.180 (1.062, 1.311) | 1.455 (1.269, 1.668) |
| East | 0.863 (0.810, 0.919) | 1.835 (1.746, 1.929) |
| All respiratory | ||
| US | 0.978 (0.957, 1.000) | 2.619 (2.511, 2.731) |
| West | 0.935 (0.899, 0.973) | 4.661 (4.160, 5.222) |
| Center | 1.031 (0.979, 1.085) | 1.927 (1.790, 2.075) |
| East | 0.973 (0.942, 1.005) | 1.835 (1.746, 1.929) |
| COPD | ||
| US | 0.987 (0.957, 1.019) | 1.582 (1.491, 1.679) |
| West | 0.928 (0.878, 0.981) | 3.373 (2.878, 3.952) |
| Center | 1.018 (0.950, 1.090) | 1.558 (1.409, 1.723) |
| East | 1.020 (0.972, 1.070) | 1.131 (1.053, 1.216) |
| Pneumonia | ||
| US | 0.960 (0.922, 0.999) | 6.867 (6.161, 7.413) |
| West | 0.953 (0.893, 1.017) | 10.081 (8.312, 12.225) |
| Center | 1.084 (0.973, 1.207) | 3.807 (3.281, 4.417) |
| East | 0.914 (0.861, 0.970) | 3.933 (3.592, 4.306) |
| All cancer | ||
| US | 1.019 (1.003, 1.035) | 1.596 (1.551, 1.642) |
| West | 1.002 (0.973, 1.032) | 1.412 (1.300, 1.534) |
| Center | 1.044 (1.006, 1.083) | 1.415 (1.343, 1.491) |
| East | 0.999 (0.978, 1.021) | 1.444 (1.397, 1.493) |
| Lung cancer | ||
| US | 1.033 (1.002, 1.064) | 1.535 (1.451, 1.623) |
| West | 1.003 (0.946, 1.063) | 1.614 (1.371, 1.902) |
| Center | 1.089 (1.014, 1.170) | 1.426 (1.291, 1.575) |
| East | 1.017 (0.975, 1.061) | 1.330 (1.247, 1.418) |
a
Age, gender, and race-stratified and state-adjusted Poisson regression models; additionally adjusted for PM2.5 using two-stage models.