Table 2.
Adjusted hazard ratios for major chronic liver disease mortality by long-term cooking fuel use and smoking habit
| Number of events | Rates (/100 000 person-years)a | HR (95% CI)b | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Long-term cooking fuel | |||
| Always clean (common reference group) | 266 | 35.7 | (Reference) |
| Solid to clean | 356 | 38.3 | 1.07 (0.90–1.29) |
| Always solid | 837 | 45.0 | 1.26 (1.02–1.56) |
| Duration exposed (mean), years | |||
| <20 (12.4) | 289 | 43.0 | 1.21 (0.96–1.53) |
| 20–39 (28.0) | 328 | 46.0 | 1.30 (1.02–1.65) |
| 40+ (48.0) | 220 | 46.7 | 1.32 (1.01–1.72) |
| PTrend | 0.023 | ||
| Types of solid fuels | |||
| Always coal | 271 | 38.9 | 1.07 (0.81–1.41) |
| Mix of coal and wood | 134 | 43.3 | 1.19 (0.90–1.57) |
| Always wood | 432 | 48.3 | 1.33 (1.07–1.66) |
| Smoking | |||
| Never-regular (common reference group) | 1148 | 43.3 | (Reference) |
| Ex-regular | 275 | 53.3 | 1.23 (1.05–1.44) |
| Current-regular | 1042 | 55.2 | 1.28 (1.13–1.44) |
| Age started smoking (mean), years | |||
| ≥25 (31.5) | 394 | 48.0 | 1.12 (0.97–1.29) |
| 20–24 (21.1) | 475 | 57.3 | 1.33 (1.16–1.53) |
| <20 (16.8) | 448 | 59.0 | 1.37 (1.19–1.58) |
| Ptrend | <0.0001 | ||
| Daily amount smoked (mean), no. of cigarette | |||
| <15 (7.7) | 489 | 51.2 | 1.19 (1.04–1.36) |
| 15–24 (19.2) | 558 | 55.3 | 1.29 (1.12–1.47) |
| ≥25 (35.5)trend | 270 | 61.7 | 1.44 (1.22–1.69) |
| P trend | <0.0001 |
a
Rates were weighted by group-specific hazard ratios.
b
Hazard ratios were stratified by age-at-risk, sex and study area and adjusted for education, household income, alcohol consumption, smoking status, long-term cooking and heating fuel exposures, cooking stove ventilation, body mass index, prevalent diabetes, hepatitis B virus surface antigen status and length of recall period, where appropriate.