Table 2.
Association of lifestyle and anthropometric variables with intake of animal foods among women in UK Biobank
| Total red meat |
Total processed meat |
Poultry |
Total fish |
Dairy milk |
Cheese |
|||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| <1 time/wk | ≥3 times/wk | Never | ≥2 times/wk | Never | ≥2 times/wk | <1 time/wk | ≥3 times/wk | Never | ≥300 mL/d | <1 time/wk | ≥5 times/wk | |
| N | 32 006 | 49 425 | 32 232 | 52 706 | 15 803 | 124 377 | 19 803 | 73 995 | 8, 966 | 50 906 | 55 603 | 31 064 |
| Mean (SD) age, years | 54.5 (8.2) | 56.8 (7.9) | 55.7 (8.0) | 55.7 (8.3) | 54.1 (8.1) | 55.5 (8.0) | 53.5 (8.0) | 57.3 (7.9) | 55.6 (8.0) | 57.1 (7.7) | 56.6 (7.8) | 55.3 (8.1) |
| % (n) highest fifth of socio-economic statusa | 16.3 (5215) | 21.1 (10409) | 17.3 (5566) | 19.3 (10178) | 15.8 (2487) | 20.8 (25785) | 14.6 (2893) | 20.4 (15048) | 17.0 (1519) | 20.7 (10380) | 18.2 (10077) | 20.5 (10380) |
| % (n) current smokers | 7.9 (2516) | 10.1 (4971) | 7.4 (2, 386) | 10.8 (5669) | 7.9 (1253) | 8.3 (10 292) | 13.5 (2666) | 8.0 (5934) | 13.0 (1167) | 11.2 (5674) | 9.4 (5235) | 8.7 (2705) |
| Mean (SD) height, cm | 162.5 (6.5) | 162.2 (6.3) | 162.3 (6.5) | 162.4 (6.3) | 162.8 (6.6) | 162.4 (6.3) | 162.0 (6.5) | 162.4 (6.2) | 162.3 (6.4) | 162.5 (6.3) | 161.6 (6.3) | 163.7 (6.3) |
| Mean (SD) BMI, kg/m2 | 25.9 (5.0) | 27.7 (5.3) | 25.8 (4.9) | 27.9 (5.6) | 25.6 (4.9) | 27.6 (5.4) | 27.3 (5.6) | 27.1 (5.2) | 27.3 (5.9) | 27.1 (5.0) | 27.6 (5.3) | 26.1 (5.1) |
| Mean (SD) waist circumference, cm | 82.0 (12.3) | 86.2 (12.7) | 81.7 (12.0) | 86.9 (13.3) | 81.5 (12.2) | 85.6 (12.7) | 85.2 (13.4) | 84.6 (12.5) | 85.2 (13.9) | 84.7 (12.3) | 85.6 (12.7) | 82.8 (12.5) |
| Mean (SD) body fat, % | 34.8 (7.3) | 37.5 (6.8) | 34.7 (7.2) | 37.6 (6.9) | 34.3 (7.4) | 37.2 (6.8) | 36.6 (7.4) | 36.5 (6.9) | 36.5 (7.6) | 36.7 (6.8) | 37.3 (6.8) | 34.9 (7.2) |
| % (n) family history of CRCb | 8.3 (2653) | 8.8 (4348) | 8.7 (2797) | 8.9 (4693) | 8.1 (1281) | 8.8 (10 931) | 8.1 (1612) | 9.0 (6664) | 8.5 (761) | 9.4 (4761) | 8.7 (4862) | 8.6 (2660) |
| % (n) regular NSAID usec | 23.6 (7549) | 26.7 (13 213) | 23.0 (7414) | 27.7 (14 574) | 23.1 (3648) | 26.7 (33 194) | 26.4 (5233) | 25.4 (18 761) | 24.9 (2229) | 26.1 (13 289) | 26.2 (14 566) | 24.4 (7580) |
| Mean (SD) alcohol, g per day | 10.2 (11.0) | 12.5 (12.4) | 10.3 (11.0) | 11.9 (12.4) | 10.7 (11.4) | 11.3 (11.4) | 10.4 (12.2) | 11.5 (11.2) | 13.8 (13.7) | 9.9 (10.2) | 9.9 (10.8) | 12.3 (12.2) |
| Mean (SD) no. of live births | 2.2 (1.0) | 2.3 (0.9) | 2.2 (1.0) | 2.3 (1.0) | 2.2 (0.9) | 2.3 (0.9) | 2.3 (1.0) | 2.2 (0.9) | 2.2 (0.9) | 2.3 (0.9) | 2.3 (1.0) | 2.2 (0.9) |
| % (n) post-menopausal | 55.4 (17 737) | 60.9 (30 102) | 60.4 (19 475) | 56.5 (29 757) | 54.8 (8664) | 56.6 (70 351) | 50.0 (9901) | 63.8 (47 171) | 56.9 (5097) | 63.3 (32 204) | 61.1 (33 991) | 57.6 (17 884) |
| % (n) ever HRT use | 30.4 (9725) | 40.3 (19 890) | 34.1 (10 986) | 36.4 (19 192) | 27.9 (4402) | 37.3 (46 404) | 30.3 (5996) | 41.0 (30 308) | 37.0 (3315) | 40.6 (20 640) | 39.7 (22 090) | 33.4 (10 374) |
| % (n) ever OCA use | 78.7 (25 185) | 80.3 (39 678) | 77.8 (25 065) | 80.9 (42 642) | 79.2 (12 513) | 82.7 (102 788) | 80.6 (15 962) | 79.0 (58 418) | 82.5 (7392) | 78.8 (40 129) | 78.1 (43 421) | 83.4 (25 890) |
| Mean red meat, g per dayd | 7 | 51 | 12 | 41 | 4 | 37 | 23 | 31 | 33 | 35 | 34 | 28 |
| Mean processed meat, g per dayd | 7 | 20 | 5 | 25 | 2 | 19 | 13 | 15 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 15 |
| Mean fruit, g per dayd | 219 | 191 | 232 | 180 | 216 | 200 | 187 | 221 | 210 | 212 | 215 | 198 |
| Mean vegetable, g per dayd | 270 | 236 | 288 | 216 | 293 | 237 | 231 | 272 | 262 | 235 | 241 | 246 |
| Mean fibre intake, g per dayc | 18.1 | 15.7 | 18.2 | 15.6 | 19.0 | 15.9 | 16.7 | 16.9 | 15.7 | 17.0 | 16.0 | 16.7 |
CRC, colorectal cancer; d, day; HRT, hormone replacement therapy; NSAID, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; OCA, oral contraceptive use; wk, week.
Socio-economic status is based on the Townsend deprivation index.16
Family history is mother, father or sibling with colorectal cancer.
Regular use of aspirin or ibuprofen.
Mean fruit, vegetable, red-meat, processed-meat and fibre intakes are from the average of all 24-hour dietary assessments. The percentages of participants in the lowest and highest categories of intake from the baseline questionnaire who also completed the 24-hour dietary assessments were 45.2 and 39.8% for total red meat; 45.2 and 40.9% for processed meat; 50.2 and 41.8% for poultry; 40.2 and 41.8% for total fish; 46.7 and 39.3% for milk; and 38.0 and 52.0% for cheese.