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. 2020 Apr 2;10(4):045105. doi: 10.1063/5.0002125

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FIG. 3. — Vortical structures for all three cases at various time instances in the development of the flow. 3D view: Iso-surface of the second invariant of velocity gradient (Q2) colored by velocity magnitude. Cross-sectional view: Z-component vorticity contours on the z=0 plane.