Table 2.
Adverse effects of schistosomiasis on morbidity and in HIV-infected adults
| Author and year of publication | Country [reference number] | Helminth species | Study design and participants | Major findings |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Impact of HIV on schistosomiasis infection | ||||
| Mazigo et al., 2015 | Tanzania [22] | S. mansoni | Cross-sectional (n = 1,671), cases = 129 | There was no significant difference in the prevalence of PPF between coinfected individuals (n = 129) and those who were not infected with HIV-1 (n = 118). |
| Ocama et al., 2017 | Uganda [23] | S. mansoni | Cross-sectional (n = 299), cases = 206 | Among HIV+ people, 206 (69%) of all participants had periportal fibrosis; of those, 183 (68%) were positive for S. mansoni. |
| Of the 93 HIV + participants without PPF, 85 (32%) were positive for S. mansoni. | ||||
| Impact of schistosomiasis on HIV infection | ||||
| Mulu et al., 2013 | Ethiopia [5] | A. lumbricoides, hookworm, T. trichiura, S. mansoni, S. stercoralis | Longitudinal (n = 220), cases = 87 | Helminth-infected individuals had a higher level of CD8+ T cells at baseline (P < 0.001), which were significantly reduced (P < 0.01) at 12 weeks after anti-helminthic treatment. Helminths were also found to be associated with increased HIV RNA but were reduced after successful treatment. |
| Brown et al., 2004 | Uganda [6] | A. lumbricoides, hookworm, T. trichiura, S. mansoni, S. stercoralis | Case–control (n = 663), cases = 172 | Helminth infection was not associated with higher viral load, lower CD4+ cell count, or faster decrease in CD4+ cell count preceding anti-helminthic therapy. |
| Obuku et al., 2016 | Uganda [24] | S. mansoni | Observational (n = 34), cases = 18 | Plasma viral load and CD4 count were similar between HIV+ SM+ and HIV+ SM− individuals. The frequency of HIV-specific IFN-γ+IL-2-TNF-α- CD8 T cells and IFN-γ+IL-2-TNF-α+ CD4 T cells was significantly higher in HIV/S. mansoni coinfected individuals than in HIV mono-infected individuals. |
| Colombe et al., 2018 | Tanzania [34] | Schistosoma (species not specified) | Longitudinal (n = 172), cases = 43 | There was an 82% reduction in the risk of reaching CD4 counts of < 350 and/or death in HIV/Schistosoma coinfected compared with HIV mono-infected patients, suggesting that schistosomes may confer a protective effect. |
| Mwinzi et al., 2004 | Kenya [35] | S. mansoni | Case–control (n = 81), cases = 23 | Those with HIV+/Sm+ coinfection and their HIV−/Sm+ mono-infected counterparts with fibrosis both demonstrated reduced CD4+ T-cell counts. |
PPF = periportal fibrosis; S. haematobium = Schistosoma haematobium; S. mansoni = Schistosoma mansoni.