Box 1.

Description of model variables, parameters, and assumptions

Variable/parameter	Definition	Source
A	Patients who tested positive	Routine data
A*	Patients with febrile illness and malaria infection, but not tested	Estimated using Equation (2)
B	Patients who tested negative	Routine data
B*	Patients with febrile illness and no malaria infection, but not tested	Estimated using Equation (1)
C	Patients not tested	Routine data
D	Patients without febrile illness	Estimated using Equation (3)
α	Ratio of test positivity rate among patients with febrile illness not tested to those tested $\frac{A^{\ast }}{A\ast +B^{\ast }}/\frac{A}{A+B}$	Estimated from health facility surveys with systematic fever screening and re-testing
β	Proportion of fever among nonmalaria consults $B+B^{\ast }/B+B^{\ast }+D$	Estimated from health facility surveys with systematic fever screening and re-testing
γ	Mean number of nonmalaria fevers per person per year	Estimated from population-based longitudinal cohorts
λ	Malaria-attributable fraction among test-positive patients	Estimated by comparing antigen concentration in febrile and afebrile patients