Table 1.
Characteristics and laboratory assay results from neonates with and without congenital anomalies (CA)
| CA (n = 53) | Non-CA (n = 113) | |
|---|---|---|
| Neonates characteristics | ||
| Gender | ||
| Male | 22 (42%) | 54 (48%) |
| Female | 31 (58%) | 59 (52%) |
| Gestational age (weeks) | ||
| Term (≥ 37) | 22 (42%) | 53 (47%) |
| Premature (≤ 36) | 31 (58%) | 60 (53%) |
| Birthweight (grams) | ||
| ≥ 2,500 | 19 (36%) | 53 (47%) |
| 1,500−2,499 | 25 (47%) | 44 (39%) |
| < 1,500 | 9 (17%) | 16 (14%) |
| Mode of delivery | ||
| Spontaneous delivery | 15 (28%) | 34 (30%) |
| Cesarean section | 38 (72%) | 79 (70%) |
| Congenital anomalies (CA) | ||
| Neonates with more than one birth defect | 13 (25%) | – |
| Microcephaly | 14 (26%) | – |
| Macrocephaly | 5 (9%) | – |
| CNS defect | 10 (19%) | – |
| Ventriculomegaly | 6 (11%) | – |
| Hydrocephalus | 1 (2%) | – |
| Multiple periventricular cysts | 1 (2%) | – |
| Hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy | 1 (2%) | – |
| Agenesis of the corpus callosum | 1 (2%) | – |
| Heart defect | 25 (47%) | – |
| Gastrointestinal defect | 7 (13%) | – |
| Genitourinary defect | 4 (8%) | – |
| Eye defect | 2 (4%) | – |
| Hearing defect | 2 (4%) | – |
| Musculoskeletal defect | 1 (2%) | – |
| Maxillofacial defect | 1 (2%) | – |
| Results of laboratory assays | ||
| ZIKV real-time RT-PCR | ||
| Cord serum | 0/45 (0%) | 0/113 (0%) |
| Urine | 0/49 (0%) | 0/98 (0%) |
| Pan-flavivirus RT-PCR | ||
| Cord serum | 0/45 (0%) | 0/113 (0%) |
| Anti-ZIKV IgM ELISA | 0/45 (0%) | 0/113 (0%) |
| Anti-DENV IgM ELISA | 1/46 (2%) | 1/112 (1%) |
| ZIKV-DENV plaque reduction neutralization test90* | 1/46 (2%) | 2/110 (2%) |
CA = Congenital anomalies; CNS = central nervous system; DENV = dengue virus; ZIKV = Zika virus. Data are n (%) or number of positive/tested samples (%).
* Result indicates samples that were true ZIKV positive (presence of anti-ZIKV NAb without any detectable levels of anti-DENV NAb or ≥ 4-fold higher anti-ZIKV NAb titers than that of anti-DENV NAb).