Table 2.
Relationship between G6PD status, malaria, STH infections, and anemia
| Feature | Anemia, N (%) | No anemia, N (%) | OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95%)‡ |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Malnutrition indicators | ||||
| Weight-for-age < −2 SD | 179 (25%) | 49 (18%) | 1.48 (1.04–2.10)† | § |
| Height-for-age < −2 SD | 385 (53%) | 107 (40%) | 1.73 (1.30–2.30)*** | § |
| BMI-for-age < −2 SD | 106 (15%) | 20 (7%) | 2.14 (1.30–3.53)** | § |
| STHs− | 474 (66%) | 195 (73%) | 1 | 1 |
| STHs+ | 246 (34%) | 73 (27%) | 1.39 (1.02–1.89)† | 1.44 (1.05–1.98)† |
| Malaria− | 689 (96%) | 258 (96%) | 1 | 1 |
| Malaria+ | 31 (4.3%) | 10 (4%) | 1.16 (0.56–2.40) | 1.19 (0.57–2.46) |
| Infections | ||||
| No infections | 455 (63%) | 188 (70%) | 1* | 1* |
| Malaria or STHs | 253 (35%) | 77 (29%) | 1.36 (1.0–1.84)† | 1.41(1.03–1.93)† |
| Malaria and STHs | 12 (2%) | 3 (1%) | 1.65 (0.46–5.92) | 1.69 (0.47–6.07) |
| G6PD deficient | ||||
| STHs− | 71 (62%) | 40 (75%) | 1 | 1 |
| STHs+ | 43 (38%) | 13 (25%) | 1.86 (0.90–3.87) | 1.91 (0.90–4.0) |
| G6PD normal | ||||
| STHs− | 403 (66%) | 155 (72%) | 1 | 1 |
| STHs+ | 203 (34%) | 60 (28%) | 1.30 (0.41–1.98) | 1.35 (0.95–1.91) |
| G6PD deficient | ||||
| Malaria− | 52 (98%) | 106 (93%) | 1 | 1 |
| Malaria+ | 1 (2%) | 8 (7%) | 3.92 (0.48–32.2) | 4.14 (0.50–34.5) |
| G6PD normal | ||||
| Malaria− | 583 (96%) | 206 (96%) | 1 | 1 |
| Malaria+ | 23 (4%) | 9 (4%) | 0.90 (0.41–1.98) | 0.93 (0.42–2.04) |
| G6PD deficient | ||||
| No infections | 66 (58%) | 39 (74%) | 1 | 1 |
| Malaria or STHs | 45 (39%) | 14 (26%) | 1.9 (0.93–3.90) | 1.92 (0.92–4.00) |
| Malaria and STHs | 3 (3%) | 0 (0%) | 4.16 (0.21–82.60)‖ | ND |
| G6PD normal | ||||
| No infections | 389 (64%) | 149 (69%) | 1 | 1 |
| Malaria or STHs | 208 (34%) | 63 (29%) | 1.26 (0.90–1.78) | 1.31 (0.92–1.85) |
| Malaria and STHs | 9 (2%) | 3 (2%) | 1.14 (0.31–4.30) | 1.17 (0.31–4.41) |
BMI = body mass index; G6PD = glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase; OR = odds ratio; STHs = soil-transmitted helminths. ND, cannot estimate because of zero cell. Malaria is defined as asymptomatic Plasmodium infection detected by PCR.
* P < 0.05 test for trend.
† P < 0.05; ** P < 0.01; *** P < 0.001.
‡ Adjusted for age and gender.
§ Because Z scores are age and gender normalized, no adjustment is needed. Reference categories are as follows: not wasted, not stunted, and BMI ≥ −2 SD.
‖ Logit odds computed by adding 0.5 to the zero cell.