Table 2.

Associations between mouthwash use and hypertension related outcomes over the follow-up^§

		Physician- diagnosed Hypertension† n=540		Pre- hypertension /Hypertension Development †∥ n = 540		SBP Change‡ n = 474		DBP Change‡ n = 474
		IRR	95% CI	IRR	95% CI	β	95% CI	β	95% CI
Mouthwash ≥ 2/day n = 126 (Ref. less frequent use, n =414)	Unadjusted	1.53	0.95, 2.47	1.04	0.75, 1.45	0.76	−2.08, 3.59	1.61	−0.26, 3.47
	Multivariate	1.85*	1.17, 2.94	1.09	0.79, 1.51	0.32	−2.41, 3.06	1.15	−0.56, 2.86
Mouthwash use categories (Ref. never use, n=247)
≤ 6 times/wk (n = 59)	Unadjusted	1.52	0.71, 3.25	0.91	0.53, 1.54	0.93	−3.03, 4.89	0.69	−1.92, 3.29
	Multivariate	1.58	0.78, 3.17	0.89	0.54, 1.48	−0.16	−3.99, 3.68	0.60	−1.80, 3.00
1/day (n = 108)	Unadjusted	1.56	0.84, 2.89	1.30	0.91, 1.85	3.98*	0.83, 7.13	2.31*	0.24, 4.38
	Multivariate	1.30	0.70, 2.41	1.17	0.82, 1.67	3.60*	0.52, 6.68	1.79	−0.15, 3.72
≥ 2/day (n = 126)	Unadjusted	1.87*	1.07, 3.27	1.11	0.77, 1.60	1.89	−1.13, 4.90	2.29*	0.30, 4.27
	Multivariate	2.17*	1.27, 3.71	1.12	0.79, 1.60	1.20	−1.71, 4.12	1.68	−0.14, 3.51

^*Statistically significant at p < 0.05

^†Poisson regression results using robust standard errors and time between visits as an offset, showing incidence rate ratios (IRR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI)

^‡Linear regression results showing beta coefficients (β) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI)

^§Adjusted for baseline age (years), sex, smoking (never, former, current), physical activity (METs/week), waist circumference (cm), pre-diabetes/diabetes status, grams of alcohol per day, cardiac medication use (these medications include diuretics, alpha-blockers, alpha-2 receptor agonists, beta-blockers, central agonists, peripheral adrenergic inhibitors, angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor, angiotensin II receptor blockers, and calcium channel blockers) and SBP (continuous). The DBP change models were adjusted for continuous DBP instead of SBP.

^∥Combining physician diagnosis and study assessments