Box 1.

Overview of the main outcomes: the Hamburg City Health Study

Main outcome
Coronary artery disease and myocardial infarction
Atrial fibrillation
Heart failure
Dementia
Stroke
Cancer such as prostate cancer and skin cancer
Chronic kidney diseases
Arterial hypertension, hypercholesteremia and valvular diseases such as bicuspide aortic valve disease
Migraine
Musculoskeletal diseases such as osteoporosis and bone metastasis
Ocular diseases such as glaucoma, macular degeneration, fundus hypertonicus, retinal vessel disease and neoplasm
Oral health including periodontal disease and caries, oropharyngeal cancer and human papillomavirus (HPV)-infection
Psychiatric and psychosomatic disorders such as mental disorder or late – last depression
Pulmonary diseases such as chronic obstructive lung disease (COPD) and asthma
Sexual dysfunction
Skin diseases such as psoriasis, chronic wounds and inflammation
Vascular diseases such as cerebrovascular disease, aortic aneurysm, thrombosis and peripheral arterial disease