Table 5.
Risk factors for one-year all-cause mortality among patients with Staphylococcus aureus prosthetic joint infection (PJI).
| Deada | Alive | p-valueb | OR for death (95% CI)bc | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years, median (range) | 82 (66–90) | 73 (39–92) | 0.001 | 1.15 (1.05–1.25) |
| Age ≥ 80 | 66.7% (10/15) | 22.6% (19/84) | <0.001 | 9.97 (2.59–38.28) |
| Obesity (BMI > 30 kg/m2) | 26.7% (4/15) | 29.3% (24/82) | 1.00 | |
| Sex (female) | 46.7% (7/15) | 51.2% (43/84) | 0.37 | |
| Hemoglobin, g/L, median (range) | 103 (83–150) | 131 (82–166) | <0.001 | 1.06 (1.02–1.11) |
| ASA ≥ 3 | 93.3% (14/15) | 41.7% (35/84) | <0.001 | 12.13 (1.38–106.35) |
| Active smoking | 15.4% (2/13) | 9.6% (8/83) | 0.62 | |
| COPD | 6.7% (1/15) | 9.5% (8/84) | 1.00 | |
| Autoimmune disease | 13.3% (2/15) | 14.3% (12/84) | 1.00 | |
| Diabetes | 13.3% (2/15) | 10.7% (9/84) | 0.67 | |
| Immunosuppressiond | 13.3% (2/15) | 13.1% (11/84) | 1.00 | |
| Drug abuse | 0.0% (0/15) | 3.6% (3/84) | 1.00 | |
| Malignancy | 6.7% (1/15) | 2.4% (2/84) | 0.39 | |
| Prior surgery | 20.0% (3/15) | 28.6% (24/84) | 0.75 | |
| Localization | ||||
| Hip | 80.0% (12/15) | 66.7% (56/84) | 0.38 | |
| Knee | 20.0% (3/15) | 33.3% (28/84) | ||
| Indication for surgerye | ||||
| Osteoarthritis | 25.0% (3/12) | 70.2% (59/84) | 0.004 | Reference |
| Rheumatoid arthritis | 0.0% (0/12) | 4.8% (4/84) | 1.00 | * |
| Aseptic loosening | 0.0% (0/12) | 2.4% (2/84) | 1.00 | * |
| Fracture | 50.0% (6/12) | 14.3% (12/84) | 0.009 | 3.80 (0.91–14.64) |
| Type of implant | ||||
| Cemented | 93.3% (14/15) | 94.0% (79/84) | 1.00 | |
| Uncemented | 6.7% (1/15) | 6.0% (5/84) | ||
| Type of surgery | ||||
| Primary | 80.0% (12/15) | 71.4% (60/84) | 0.75 | |
| Revision | 20.0% (3/15) | 28.6% (24/84) | ||
| Classification | ||||
| Early | 53.3% (8/15) | 58.3% (49/84) | 0.78 | |
| Chronic | 13.3% (2/15) | 17.9% (15/84) | 0.73 | |
| Late acute | 33.3% (5/15) | 23.8% (20/84) | 0.52 | |
| Positive blood culture | ||||
| No | 26.7% (4/15) | 47.6% (40/84) | 0.13 | |
| Yes | 46.7% (7/15) | 32.1% (27/84) | 0.28 | |
| Yes (>4 weeks before infection) | 13.3% (2/15) | 4.8% (4/84) | 0.22 | |
| No sample | 13.3% (2/15) | 15.5% (13/84) | ||
| Symptoms at diagnosis | ||||
| Wound secretion | 46.7% (7/15) | 61.9% (52/84) | 0.27 | |
| Pain | 86.7% (13/15) | 76.2% (64/84) | 0.51 | |
| Fever | 33.3% (5/15) | 56.0% (47/84) | 0.11 | |
| Redness | 53.3% (8/15) | 61.9% (52/84) | 0.53 | |
| Sinus tract | 20.0% (3/15) | 17.8% (15/84) | 1.00 | |
| C-reactive protein, high (>150 mg/L) | 46.7% (7/15) | 48.9% (41/84) | 1.00 | |
| Blood, leukocyte cell count (>15 × 109/L) | 35.7% (5/14) | 27.4% (20/73) | 0.53 | |
| Change of mobile components | 66.7% (10/15) | 67.9% (57/84) | 1.00 | |
| >1 DAIR | 13.3% (2/15) | 10.7% (9/84) | 0.67 | |
| Biofilm-active treatment | 26.7% (4/15) | 76.2% (64/84) | <0.001 | 0.17 (0.03–0.46) |
| Guideline-compliant treatment+ | 75.0% (9/12) | 79.8% (67/84) | 0.71 | |
| Polymicrobial PJI | 13.3% (2/15) | 17.1% (13/84) | 0.51 | |
| S. aureus antibiotic resistance | 13.3% (2/15) | 7.1% (6/84) | 0.35 | |
aDead within 12 months of the PJI diagnosis.
bχ2-test, Fisher’s exact test, or Mann–Whitney U test.
cCovariates with possible associations (p < 0.12) were entered into logistic regression model with adjustments for sex and age. Odds ratios with p-values < 0.05 are in bold.
dRheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, sarcoidosis.
eTen patients had other indications.
*Too few patients to perform a valid statistical analysis.
+Three patients who died before oral treatment stopped were excluded.