Figure 5.

Simulations of plantar flexor muscle-tendon mechanics were driven by electromyography data, applied as muscle excitations, and joint angles, which prescribed lower body kinematics. The simulations were used to estimate plantar flexor tendon power, muscle power, normalized fiber lengths, normalized fiber velocities, and fiber forces. Plantar flexor tendon energy storage and positive and negative fiber work were estimated by time-integrating tendon power and muscle power. Force generation ability, which combines the effects of fiber length, fiber velocity, and pennation angle, was also estimated.