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. 2020 Apr 3;10:5895. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-62736-y

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Population response to a varying carcass removal rate, r, with three different culling intensities b_C = 0 (solid line), b_C = 0.75 (dashed) and b_C = 1.5 (dotted), for the model represented by equations (1). The total density, N, is given in A, with infected and survivor density in B and carcass density in C. Results are shown for the scenario that represents natural conditions in Estonia (see Fig. 1 for parameters) and show the average densities between the years 2 and 3 following disease introduction. Control measures were implemented as soon as the virus is first discovered, defined as the time when carcass levels first reach a density of 0.02. The value r corresponds to an average removal time, in years, of 1/r.