. 2020 Mar 30;15:2171–2195. doi: 10.2147/IJN.S246601

Table 5.

Ex vivo Skin Permeation Parameters of CEO from Pure CEO, CEO-NE Based NFs and CEO-NE-Based NEG Across the Excised Wistar Albino Rats’ Skin After 48 h

Formulation	Q_48h (μg/cm²)	J_ss (μg/cm².h)	K_p (cm/h)×10^-3	ER_flux
Pure CEO	99.97 ± 2.32	1.87 ± 0.06	0.80 ± 0.00	–
CEO-NE-based NFs	196.81 ± 0.36*	2.41 ± 0.12*	1.04 ± 0.00*	1.29 ± 0.10
CEO-NE-based NEG	1786.61 ± 29.14*^#	31.32 ± 0.40*^#	13.44 ± 0.00*^#	16.76 ± 0.74**

Notes: Each value represents the mean ± SD (n=3). *Significant at p < 0.05 vs pure CEO using ANOVA. ^#Significant at p < 0.05 vs CEO-NE-based NFs using ANOVA. **Significant at p < 0.05 vs CEO-NE-based NFs using Student’s t-test (unpaired t-test).

Abbreviations: CEO, clove essential oil; ER_flux, enhancement ratio of flux; J_ss, steady-state flux; K_p, permeability coefficient; NE, nanoemulsion; NEG, nanoemulgel; NFs, nanofibers, Q_48h, the cumulative amount of CEO permeating the Wistar albino rats skin after 48 h per unit area.