Table 1.
Participant Characteristics of the Subset Used for Analyses (n = 588)
| Median | Mean | SD | Min | Max | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age | 39.0 | 39.2 | 13.4 | 18.0 | 65.0 |
| Pain variables: (range) | |||||
| DISS baseline (0–100) | 6.7 | 14.3 | 17.9 | 0 | 93.3 |
| 1-year follow-up (0–100) | 3.3 | 10.5 | 15.8 | 0 | 80.0 |
| 2-years follow-up (0–100) | 3.3 | 11.2 | 17.1 | 0 | 100.0 |
| CPI baseline (0–100) | 26.7 | 27.8 | 18.4 | 0 | 80.0 |
| 1-year follow-up (0–100) | 20.0 | 23.1 | 18.2 | 0 | 86.7 |
| 2-years follow-up (0–100) | 20.0 | 23.7 | 18.3 | 0 | 90.0 |
| Psychosocial predictors at baseline | |||||
| PSS perceived stress (0–16) | 6.0 | 5.7 | 2.8 | 0.0 | 14.0 |
| TICS (T-values, 50 ± 10) | |||||
| Pressure to perform | 51 | 50 | 8 | 18 | 76 |
| Lack of social recognition | 50 | 51 | 10 | 31 | 78 |
| Tendency to worry | 49 | 50 | 9 | 29 | 80 |
| Social overload | 48 | 48 | 10 | 21 | 89 |
| Social isolation | 50 | 49 | 10 | 30 | 81 |
| Social conflicts | 53 | 50 | 10 | 28 | 88 |
| Work overload | 52 | 52 | 9 | 22 | 90 |
| Excessive demands at work | 52 | 52 | 10 | 33 | 81 |
| Work discontent | 51 | 51 | 9 | 21 | 78 |
| VE vital exhaustion (0–18) | 7.0 | 6.9 | 4.8 | 0.0 | 18.0 |
| I-SEE fatalistic externality (8–48) | 23.0 | 22.6 | 4.9 | 10.0 | 38.0 |
| Social externality (8–48) | 25.0 | 24.9 | 4.9 | 12.0 | 42.0 |
| Internality (8–48) | 34.0 | 34.4 | 4.2 | 17.0 | 48.0 |
| Self-concept (8–48) | 34.0 | 33.9 | 5.2 | 12.0 | 46.0 |
Abbreviations: TICS, Trier Inventory of Chronic Stress; PSS, Perceived Stress Scale; VE, Vital Exhaustion; I-SEE, Inventory of Self-Efficacy and Externality; DISS, Disability Score; CPI, Characteristic Pain Intensity; SD, standard deviation; min, minimum; max, maximum.