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. 2016 Mar 21;24(6):490–502. doi: 10.1016/j.tim.2016.03.003

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© 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Since January 2020 Elsevier has created a COVID-19 resource centre with free information in English and Mandarin on the novel coronavirus COVID-19. The COVID-19 resource centre is hosted on Elsevier Connect, the company's public news and information website. Elsevier hereby grants permission to make all its COVID-19-related research that is available on the COVID-19 resource centre - including this research content - immediately available in PubMed Central and other publicly funded repositories, such as the WHO COVID database with rights for unrestricted research re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for free by Elsevier for as long as the COVID-19 resource centre remains active.

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Intra- and Inter-Species Transmission of Human Coronaviruses. Red, yellow, green, blue, brown, and purple arrows represent transmission of MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV, NL63, HKU1, OC43, and 229E, respectively, between bats, camels, cows, humans, and masked palm civets (shown in a legend on the side of the figure). Unbroken arrows represent confirmed transmission between the two species in question, and broken arrows represent suspected transmission.