Table 2.
Correlation between consumption of unrestricted antibiotic and the incidence of healthcare-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (HA-MRSA) infection and the prevalence of MRSA at Chung Shan Medical University Hospital (Taichung, Taiwan), 2001–2009.
| ATC code/drug name | Antibiotic consumption (DDD/1000 PD) |
Spearman correlation coefficients |
||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2001 | 2002 | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | Incidence of HA-MRSA |
Prevalence of MRSA |
||||
| ρ | P-value | ρ | P-value | |||||||||||
| J01AA02 | Doxycycline | 403.83 | 242.28 | 308.49 | 181.70 | 112.45 | 119.19 | 102.69 | 109.28 | 130.00 | 0.686 | 0.041* | 0.483 | 0.187 |
| J01AA07 | Tetracycline | 4.20 | 4.96 | 0.38 | 2.42 | 2.72 | 1.51 | 1.80 | 1.00 | 0.94 | 0.084 | 0.831 | −0.017 | 0.966 |
| J01AA08 | Minocycline | 101.25 | 64.32 | 56.02 | 18.38 | 2.09 | 1.00 | 1.38 | 0.96 | 0.81 | 0.678 | 0.045* | 0.567 | 0.112 |
| J01CA01 | Ampicillin | 7.02 | 2.19 | 2.21 | 0.23 | 1.16 | 0.67 | 4.04 | 0.14 | 2.25 | 0.008 | 0.983 | −0.017 | 0.966 |
| J01CA04 | Amoxicillin | 136.49 | 116.93 | 207.19 | 144.17 | 125.00 | 122.82 | 142.34 | 116.08 | 107.59 | 0.619 | 0.075 | 0.767 | 0.016* |
| J01CA12 | Piperacillin | 5.35 | 3.47 | 0.02 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 1.53 | 0.42 | −0.034 | 0.931 | −0.170 | 0.663 |
| J01CE01 | Penicillin G benzathine | 1.25 | 0.91 | 1.58 | 1.20 | 1.01 | 0.83 | 0.88 | 0.81 | 1.09 | 0.527 | 0.145 | 0.600 | 0.088 |
| J01CE08 | Penicillin G | 9.75 | 5.39 | 7.66 | 4.08 | 2.71 | 2.54 | 11.91 | 3.05 | 3.32 | 0.100 | 0.797 | 0.150 | 0.700 |
| J01CF01 | Dicloxacillin | 118.72 | 110.12 | 190.56 | 101.52 | 57.64 | 57.97 | 58.41 | 58.79 | 64.16 | 0.485 | 0.185 | 0.367 | 0.332 |
| J01CF04 | Oxacillin | 53.77 | 51.00 | 109.39 | 82.08 | 73.72 | 73.31 | 36.59 | 55.91 | 56.03 | 0.494 | 0.177 | 0.600 | 0.088 |
| J01CF05 | Flucloxacillin | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 36.76 | 11.68 | 3.90 | −0.785 | 0.012* | −0.584 | 0.099 |
| J01CR02 | Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid | 92.20 | 70.38 | 212.82 | 233.87 | 159.98 | 131.93 | 127.28 | 132.98 | 131.09 | 0.268 | 0.486 | 0.533 | 0.139 |
| J01CR04 | Sultamicillin tosylate | 3.23 | 13.76 | 41.18 | 28.30 | 19.73 | 26.88 | 25.49 | 30.59 | 31.26 | −0.092 | 0.814 | 0.017 | 0.966 |
| J01DB01 | Cefalexin monohydrate | 419.89 | 350.26 | 630.12 | 451.57 | 354.39 | 314.04 | 315.64 | 323.46 | 328.17 | 0.561 | 0.116 | 0.683 | 0.042* |
| J01DB04 | Cefazolin | 221.54 | 182.85 | 300.96 | 191.03 | 124.00 | 114.61 | 118.21 | 95.74 | 67.00 | 0.795 | 0.010* | 0.783 | 0.013* |
| J01DB09 | Cefradine | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 36.41 | 53.90 | −0.642 | 0.062 | −0.548 | 0.127 |
| J01DC04 | Cefaclor | 42.03 | 37.26 | 74.77 | 57.55 | 276.97 | 31.72 | 42.57 | 30.92 | 38.63 | 0.268 | 0.486 | 0.533 | 0.139 |
| J01DD14 | Ceftibuten | 0.00 | 2.64 | 12.90 | 22.28 | 14.64 | 16.95 | 21.99 | 25.85 | 27.85 | −0.686 | 0.041* | −0.483 | 0.187 |
| J01EC01 | Sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim | 129.08 | 101.29 | 159.92 | 89.62 | 67.91 | 62.31 | 67.46 | 32.30 | 38.77 | 0.736 | 0.024* | 0.650 | 0.058 |
| J01FA01 | Erythromycin | 93.43 | 32.27 | 45.06 | 8.93 | 1.95 | 0.21 | 0.08 | 0.00 | 0.03 | 0.803 | 0.009* | 0.667 | 0.050* |
| J01FA09 | Clarithromycin | 71.26 | 68.98 | 96.34 | 59.35 | 32.79 | 45.34 | 50.22 | 62.23 | 56.39 | 0.469 | 0.203 | 0.367 | 0.332 |
| J01FA10 | Azithromycin | 27.35 | 35.07 | 80.82 | 100.09 | 56.68 | 33.65 | 23.59 | 22.89 | 19.93 | 0.661 | 0.053 | 0.650 | 0.058 |
| J01FF01 | Clindamycin | 113.28 | 54.23 | 67.91 | 33.83 | 24.15 | 27.65 | 25.93 | 22.79 | 22.02 | 0.837 | 0.005* | 0.650 | 0.058 |
| J01GB03 | Gentamicin sulphate | 127.23 | 83.75 | 127.91 | 79.49 | 53.12 | 45.40 | 49.29 | 40.99 | 31.60 | 0.770 | 0.015* | 0.700 | 0.036* |
| J01XC01 | Fusidic acid | 7.16 | 5.23 | 16.70 | 14.99 | 7.87 | 10.72 | 10.80 | 7.64 | 11.63 | 0.092 | 0.814 | 0.267 | 0.488 |
| J01XD01 | Metronidazole | 5.21 | 4.39 | 11.38 | 9.23 | 8.14 | 8.37 | 10.65 | 9.59 | 6.57 | 0.092 | 0.814 | 0.333 | 0.381 |
| Total | 2194.53 | 1643.95 | 2762.28 | 1915.93 | 1580.83 | 1249.62 | 1286.02 | 1233.62 | 1235.32 | 0.767 | 0.016* | 0.733 | 0.025* | |
ATC, Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical; DDD, defined daily doses; PD, patient-days.
*
P < 0.05 indicates that the 95% confidence interval for the Spearman correlation coefficient (ρ) did not include zero.