Table 1.

Cellular nuclear proteins that accumulate in the cytoplasm of poliovirus and rhinovirus-infected cells

Nuclear protein	Cellular functionsa	Viral targets	Function in viral replication	Referencesb
Nucleolin	rRNA transcription and processing, Pol II transcription, mRNA stability	3′ NCR of poliovirus genome	RNA synthesis?	Waggoner and Sarnow, 1998, Gustin and Sarnow, 2002
hnRNP K	Translational silencing, mRNA stability	?	?	Gustin and Sarnow, 2001, Gustin and Sarnow, 2002
PTBc	Splicing, polyadenylation	IRES of entero, rhino and cardiovirus genomes	Translation	Back et al. (2002)
La	Pol III transcription, processing	IRES of entero, rhino and cardiovirus genomes	Translation	Meerovitch et al., 1993, Gustin and Sarnow, 2002
hnRNP A1	mRNA transport, splicing	?	?	Gustin and Sarnow, 2001, Gustin and Sarnow, 2002
hnRNP C	Splicing, mRNA stability	?	?	Gustin and Sarnow, 2001, Gustin and Sarnow, 2002
Sam68	cell cycle control?, mRNA transport	3Dpol of poliovirus	?	McBride et al., 1996, Gustin and Sarnow, 2002

^aReported functions of indicated protein in uninfected cells.

^bReference demonstrating cytoplasmic accumulation of nuclear protein in infected cells.

^cPTB has not been shown to accumulate in the cytoplasm of rhinovirus-infected cells.