Table 1.
Etiologies of infectious tracheitis.
Spectre étiologique des trachéites infectieuses en fonction des situations.
| Context | Children | Adults |
|---|---|---|
| Community-acquired | ||
| Viral | ||
| Acute community-acquired presentations | Viruses: parainfluenza 1 and 2, influenza A and B, RSV, adenovirus, rhinovirus, coronavirus, echovirus, enterovirus, coxsackievirus, morbillivirus, paramyxovirus | |
| HSVa (reactivations) VZV (primary infection) |
||
| Bacterial | ||
| Acute community-acquired presentations |
Staphylococcus aureus, Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae Group A Streptococcus, Moraxella catarrhalis, Mycoplasma pneumoniae |
Staphylococcus aureus, Haemophilus influenzae Group A Streptococcus |
| Progressive outcome | Mycobacterium tuberculosisa, Bordetella pertussis | |
| Unvaccinated, migrant | Corynebacterium diphtheriae | |
| Rare | Corynebacterium pseudodiphtheriticum, Actinomyces, Treponema pallidum (gumma), Klebsiella rhinoscleromatis (scleroma) | |
| Fungal | ||
| Frequent | Aspergillusa (immunodeficiency, burn patients, mechanical ventilation) | |
| Diabetes, influenza | Zygomycetesa | |
| HIV, AIDS stage | Cryptococcus neoformansa | |
| Coming from specific regions of the world | Coccidioidesa | Histoplasmaa, Penicillium, Coccidioidesa, Paracoccidioidomycesa, Blastomyces |
| Nosocomial/healthcare-associated: (tracheostomy and VABT) | ||
| Viral | ||
| Mechanical ventilation | HSV (reactivations) | |
| Bacterial | ||
| Mechanical ventilation, tracheostomy (often multimicrobial) | Gram-negative bacilli (in order of frequency): Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Haemophilus influenzae, Klebsiella, Escherichia coli, Enterobacter cloacae. Gram-positive cocci: Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae | Gram-negative bacilli, 75% (in order of frequency): Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumannii, Klebsiella, Escherichia coli, Enterobacter Gram-positive cocci: Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Enterococcus |
| Immunodeficiency | Bacillus cereus | |
| Fungal | ||
| Cellular immunodeficiency |
Aspergillus Zygomycetesa, Fusarium, Cryptococcus neoformans |
|
RSV: respiratory syncytial virus; HSV: herpes simplex virus; AIDS: acquired immune deficiency syndrome; VABT: ventilator-associated bacterial tracheobronchitis; VZV: varicella zoster virus.
a
Isolated tracheal presentations described.