Table 2.

Comparison of empirical results between tourism development and economic growth

Samples	Authors	Empirical method	Period	Country	Causal relationship
One country	Ghali [17]	OLS	1953–1970	Hawaii	Tourism ⇒ growth
	Balaguer and Cantavella-Jorda [6]	Error correction model	1975–1997	Spain	Tourism ⇒ growth
	Dritsakis [10]	Error correction model	1960–2000	Greece	Tourism ⇔ growth
	Durbarry [12]	Error correction model	1952–1999	Mauritius	Tourism ⇔ growth
	Narayan [44]	Error correction model	1970–2000	Fiji	Growth ⇒ tourism
	Oh [51]	Granger causality test	1975–2001	South Korea	Growth ⇒ tourism
	Kim et al. [28]	Granger causality test	1956–2002	Taiwan	Tourism ⇔ growth
Cross-section	Lanza et al. [31]	Almost ideal demand system (AIDS)	1977–1992	13 OECD countries	Tourism ⇒ growth
	Eugenio-Martín et al. [16]	Panel GLS	1980–1997	Latin American countries	Medium- or low-income countries: Tourism ⇒ growth Developed countries: Unclear
	Lee and Chang [33]	Panel error correction model	1990–2002	OECD and non-OECD countries	OECD: tourism ⇒ growth Non-OECD: tourism ⇔ growth

Notes: “Tourism ⇒ growth” denotes the causality running from tourism to economic growth. “Growth ⇔ tourism” denotes the causality running from economic growth to tourism development.