Table 3.

Indicator variables used for testing the causal model.

Risk perception

How would you describe the damage to your village caused by mining? (severity) 1 = Very small; 2 = relatively small; 3 = not sure; 4 = relatively big; 5 = very big

How would you describe your concern about the damage to your family caused by mining? (Dread) 1 = not worried at all; 2 = not worried; 3 = not sure; 4 = worried; 5 = very worried

How would you describe the possibility that you and your family could avoid the negative effects caused by pollution? (Control) 1 = completely impossible; 2 = impossible; 3 = not sure; 4 = possible; 5 = definitely possible

Perceived benefit

To what extent the mining has an effect on your family income? 1 = substantially reduced; 2 = reduced; 3 = unchanging; 4 = increased; 5 = substantially increased

To what extent the mining has an effect on your village's fiscal revenue? 1 = substantially reduced; 2 = reduced; 3 = unchanging; 4 = increased; 5 = substantially increased

To what extent the mining has provided your family with opportunities to make money: 1 = substantially reduced; 2 = reduced; 3 = unchanging; 4 = increased; 5 = substantially increased

To what extent the mining has provided your village with opportunities to make money: 1 = substantially reduced; 2 = reduced; 3 = unchanging; 4 = increased; 5 = substantially increased

Perceived harm

Mining has made the yields of your village's crops (reverse scoring): 1 = substantially reduced; 2 = reduced; 3 = unchanged; 4 = increased; 5 = substantially increased

Mining has made the quality of your village's crops (reverse scoring): 1 = substantially reduced; 2 = reduced; 3 = unchanged; 4 = increased; 5 = substantially increased

Mining has made the quality of your village's fields: 1 = much better; 2 = better; 3 = unchanged; 4 = worse; 5 = much worse

Mining has made the quality of your village's air: 1 = much better; 2 = better; 3 = unchanged; 4 = worse; 5 = much worse

Mining has made the quality of your village's drinking water: 1 = much better; 2 = better; 3 = unchanged; 4 = worse; 5 = much worse

Mining has made the villagers' health status: 1 = much better; 2 = better; 3 = unchanged; 4 = worse; 5 = much worse

Mining has made your families' health status: 1 = much better; 2 = better; 3 = unchanged; 4 = worse; 5 = much worse

How would you describe the area of the land occupied by tailings and waste mine in your village: 1 = none; 2 = small; 3 = not sure; 4 = large; 5 = very large

Support for the relevant policy

Do you favor or oppose accepting a lead-zinc mine in your village? 1 = strongly oppose; 2 = somewhat oppose; 3 = neutral; 4 = somewhat favor; 5 = strongly favor

Do other villagers who are similar to you favor or oppose accepting a lead-zinc mine in your village? 1 = strongly oppose; 2 = somewhat oppose; 3 = neutral; 4 = somewhat favor; 5 = strongly favor