Table 1.

Examples of commensal, intestinal, or other pathogenic and environmental bacteria that display identical (at least five amino acids) proteins sequences with appetite-regulating peptides

Bacteria	Peptides
	Leptin	Insulin	PYY	Ghrelin	NPY	AgRP	Galanin	Orexin	MCH	α-MSH	ACTH	CRH	OT	VP
Commensal
Lactococcus lactis	+
Lactobacilli			+			+					+
Bifidobacterium longum							+			+
Bacteroides		+			+					+	+
Bacillus cereus		+								+
Escherichia coli strains								+		+				+
Intestinal pathogens
Escherichia coli strains	+							+		+	+		+	+
Enterococcus faecalis				+
Salmonella enterica			+		+			+
Helicobacter	+	+								+	+
Campylobacter	+	+												+
Staphylococcus aureus											+
Enteropathogenic shigella							+	+					+
Clostridium perfringens				+
Listeria monocytogenes		+											+
Other pathogens
Yersinia pestis		+		+	+
Yersinia pseudotuberculosis		+			+
Mycobacterium tuberculosis		+
Clostridium tetani										+				+
Burkholderia cepacia cmpx		+	+		+	+	+	+	+			+
Bordetella bronchiseptica		+	+					+				+
Neisseria gonorrhaeae					+
Brucella suis													+
Streptococcus agalactiae	+
Treponema denticola	+													+
Environmental
Cyanobacteria (soil, water)		+	+				+							+
Erwinia carotovorum (food)					+								+
Corynebacterium (food)		+									+
Pseudomonas (food)		+										+
Xanthomonas (food)				+			+		+			+
Frankia (soil)				+					+	+
Streptomyces (soil)		+	+			+	+	+				+

α-MSH, α-melanocyte–stimulating hormone; ACTH, adrenocorticotropic hormone; AgRP, agouti-related protein; CRH, corticotropin-releasing hormone; MCH, melanin-concentrating hormone; NPY, neuropeptide Y; OT, oxytocin; PYY, peptide tyrosine-tyrosine; VP, vasopressin