Table 3.
Trends of resistance rates among Gram-negative pathogens causing nosocomial infections at National Taiwan University Hospital, 1991–2003
| Organism/antimicrobial agent | Antimicrobial resistance (%) by year |
Correlation |
|||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1991 | 1992 | 1993 | 1994 | 1995 | 1996 | 1997 | 1998 | 1999 | 2000 | 2001 | 2002 | 2003 | r | P | |
| Escherichia coli | |||||||||||||||
| No. of isolates | 112 | 161 | 180 | 204 | 230 | 196 | 284 | 282 | 313 | 356 | 409 | 415 | 434 | ||
| Cefotaxime | 3.1 | 2.6 | 5.3 | 5.7 | 8.5 | 6.7 | 8 | 6.1 | 17.4 | 19.4 | 22.5 | 18.9 | 22.7 | 0.918 | <0.001* |
| Cefepime | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 8.4 | 10.2 | 11.1 | 6.9 | 8.5 | −0.297 | 0.314 |
| Piperacillin/tazobactam | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 8.9 | 12.7 | 12.7 | 0.866 | 0.167 |
| Ciprofloxacin | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 26.8 | 29.0 | 34.1 | 32.9 | 37.3 | 0.946 | 0.008* |
| Gentamicin | 23.8 | 30.4 | 36.0 | 32.0 | 45.4 | 42.5 | 36 | 36.5 | 37.7 | 36.4 | 37.6 | 34.0 | 34.6 | 0.327 | 0.138 |
| Klebsiella pneumoniae | |||||||||||||||
| No. of isolates | 113 | 121 | 144 | 170 | 184 | 167 | 198 | 232 | 228 | 267 | 285 | 350 | 382 | ||
| Cefotaxime | 5.6 | 8.4 | 18.8 | 21.0 | 22.6 | 14.0 | 26.0 | 28.4 | 19.8 | 17.9 | 20.6 | 28.3 | 25.1 | 0.68 | 0.005 |
| Cefepime | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 8.9 | 13.6 | 18.1 | 22.5 | 18 | 0.83 | 0.041* |
| Piperacillin/tazobactam | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 19.5 | 15.1 | 15.9 | −0.768 | 0.221 |
| Ciprofloxacin | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 8.9 | 16.2 | 20.2 | 28.8 | 23.1 | 0.868 | 0.028* |
| Gentamicin | 15.4 | 17.5 | 24.8 | 23.5 | 25.0 | 18.7 | 27.3 | 32.8 | 25.4 | 17.3 | 21.7 | 31.1 | 19.7 | 0.31 | 0.151 |
| Enterobacter cloacae | |||||||||||||||
| No. of isolates | 117 | 155 | 124 | 126 | 161 | 197 | 235 | 222 | 203 | 236 | 289 | 244 | 276 | ||
| Cefotaxime | 44.7 | 48.0 | 50.4 | 48.3 | 51.9 | 63.0 | 60.5 | 62.7 | 62.7 | 48.9 | 60.1 | 58.7 | 51.3 | 0.498 | 0.042 |
| Cefepime | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 7.8 | 7.6 | 10.6 | 16.2 | 9.2 | 0.512 | 0.189 |
| Piperacillin/tazobactam | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 30.7 | 34.8 | 29.3 | −0.245 | 0.421 |
| Ciprofloxacin | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 6.4 | 15.8 | 14.5 | 19.5 | 15.4 | 0.712 | 0.089 |
| Gentamicin | 38.0 | 37.4 | 32.2 | 22.2 | 22.2 | 34.5 | 34.2 | 39.6 | 35.6 | 29.7 | 34.1 | 29.9 | 26.9 | −0.160 | 0.300 |
| Amikacin | 22.6 | 21.9 | 19.2 | 7.9 | 5.6 | 12.8 | 18.8 | 18.6 | 23.9 | 13.2 | 23.6 | 17.6 | 10.2 | −0.07 | 0.410 |
| Serratia marcescens | |||||||||||||||
| No. of isolates | 24 | 15 | 29 | 24 | 17 | 29 | 41 | 70 | 70 | 63 | 72 | 64 | 61 | ||
| Cefotaxime | 28.6 | 8.3 | 12.0 | 20.8 | 17.6 | 34.4 | 51.2 | 57.1 | 61.1 | 45.2 | 34.7 | 38.1 | 41.0 | 0.635 | 0.010 |
| Cefepime | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 5.6 | 6.0 | 9.2 | 9.5 | 6.6 | 0.474 | 0.210 |
| Piperacillin/tazobactam | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 23.1 | 26 | 23.9 | 0.267 | 0.414 |
| Ciprofloxacin | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 32.4 | 33.3 | 20.0 | 30.6 | 30.0 | −0.222 | 0.360 |
| Gentamicin | 11.8 | 20.0 | 11.5 | 12.5 | 11.8 | 34.5 | 48.8 | 51.4 | 40.0 | 40.3 | 25.3 | 26.6 | 31.1 | 0.542 | 0.280 |
| Amikacin | 23.8 | 13.3 | 11.1 | 12.5 | 0.0 | 10.3 | 35.9 | 23.2 | 20 | 17.7 | 11.1 | 10.9 | 13.1 | −0.019 | 0.476 |
| Proteus spp. | |||||||||||||||
| No. of isolates | 30 | 29 | 24 | 36 | 37 | 40 | 57 | 51 | 68 | 68 | 84 | 64 | 86 | ||
| Cefotaxime | 0.0 | 0.0 | 9.1 | 0.0 | 8.1 | 2.5 | 1.8 | 3.9 | 3.3 | 1.5 | 1.2 | 4.7 | 5.9 | 0.168 | 0.292 |
| Cefepime | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 0.0 | 1.6 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 2.3 | 0.433 | 0.233 |
| Piperacillin/tazobactam | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 2.7 | 0.0 | 0.0 | −0.866 | 0.167 |
| Ciprofloxacin | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 6.2 | 5.9 | 7.1 | 4.7 | 14.0 | 0.617 | 0.134 |
| Gentamicin | 21.4 | 24.1 | 13 | 25 | 10.8 | 17.5 | 18.2 | 37.3 | 19.1 | 26.9 | 25 | 23.4 | 24.4 | 0.334 | 0.132 |
| Amikacin | 0.0 | 0.0 | 4.3 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 2.5 | 1.8 | 5.9 | 1.5 | 1.5 | 1.2 | 1.6 | 3.5 | 0.322 | 0.141 |
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa | |||||||||||||||
| No. of isolates | 179 | 204 | 230 | 243 | 231 | 255 | 309 | 324 | 372 | 358 | 376 | 357 | 369 | ||
| Ceftazidime | 13.6 | 22.4 | 18.8 | 9.2 | 10.3 | 11.7 | 8.4 | 10.1 | 12.2 | 9.3 | 10.3 | 11.5 | 9.5 | −0.578 | 0.019 |
| Cefepime | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 6.0 | 8.9 | 9.3 | 12.1 | 11.6 | 0.934 | 0.010* |
| Piperacillin/tazobactam | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 23.4 | 11.0 | 10.0 | 15.0 | 17.0 | −0.259 | 0.337 |
| Meropenem | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 6.4 | 9.2 | 9.4 | 13.0 | 16.7 | 0.969 | 0.003* |
| Ciprofloxacin | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 8.2 | 9.5 | 6.4 | 11.6 | 16.1 | 0.759 | 0.068 |
| Gentamicin | 19.8 | 26.4 | 20.9 | 14.2 | 18.9 | 13.4 | 22.7 | 20.2 | 15.9 | 17.6 | 12.3 | 15.1 | 13.7 | −0. 598 | 0.016 |
| Amikacin | 13.3 | 17.6 | 13.4 | 7.9 | 9.6 | 6.7 | 12.3 | 8.0 | 7.1 | 6.5 | 4.8 | 7.3 | 4.9 | −0.803 | <0.001* |
| Acinetobacter baumannii | |||||||||||||||
| No. of isolates | 75 | 76 | 103 | 74 | 103 | 106 | 132 | 158 | 170 | 302 | 294 | 272 | 356 | ||
| Ceftazidime | 24.3 | 13.9 | 21.3 | 17.4 | 21.2 | 17.5 | 34.5 | 37.8 | 52.4 | 47.3 | 49.8 | 44.3 | 47.9 | 0.871 | <0.001* |
| Cefepime | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 48.5 | 46.2 | 43.0 | 45.8 | 46.5 | −0.353 | 0.280 |
| Piperacillin/tazobactam | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 40.8 | 41.1 | 43.0 | 45.2 | 48.6 | 0.962 | 0.004* |
| Meropenem | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 22.2 | 21.5 | 23.6 | 24.5 | 24.2 | 0.853 | 0.033 |
| Ciprofloxacin | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 46.2 | 42.2 | 44.9 | 48.7 | 48.9 | 0.673 | 0.106 |
| Gentamicin | 20.8 | 18.4 | 26.8 | 17.6 | 25.5 | 17.9 | 33.6 | 40.5 | 49.4 | 47.0 | 53.2 | 53.1 | 54.2 | 0.921 | <0.001* |
| Amikacin | 19.4 | 15.8 | 19.6 | 14.1 | 12.9 | 6.7 | 22.3 | 30.1 | 47.0 | 44.4 | 40.7 | 43.9 | 44.9 | 0.825 | <0.001* |
| Stenotrophomonas maltophilia | |||||||||||||||
| No. of isolates | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 65 | 82 | 94 | 89 | 121 | ||
| Ceftazidime | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 60 | 37.5 | 50 | 47.2 | 56.6 | 0.052 | 0.467 |
| Cefepime | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 80.6 | 79 | 89.4 | 92.1 | 89.9 | 0.841 | 0.037* |
| Piperacillin/tazobactam | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 70.6 | 78.7 | 83.1 | 84.1 | 89.8 | 0.968 | 0.003* |
| Ticarcillin/clavulanic acid | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 47.4 | 29.3 | 39.3 | 32.6 | 42.9 | −0.122 | 0.423 |
| Ciprofloxacin | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 15.2 | 26.8 | 55.4 | 36.4 | 21.7 | 0.228 | 0.356 |
| Sulphamethoxazole/trimethoprim | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 15.9 | 10.8 | 26.7 | 26.9 | 0.785 | 0.107 |
| Other NFGNB | |||||||||||||||
| No. of isolates | 91 | 80 | 111 | 122 | 132 | 132 | 100 | 78 | 63 | 104 | 97 | 178 | 113 | ||
| Ceftazidime | 35.4 | 46.2 | 18.8 | 43.4 | 35.5 | 40 | 49.5 | 46.8 | 35 | 37.6 | 45.2 | 34.9 | 35.7 | 0.106 | 0.366 |
| Cefepime | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 25.7 | 34.6 | 34.1 | 35.6 | 30.1 | 0.377 | 0.266 |
| Piperacillin/tazobactam | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 11.8 | 22.3 | 30.8 | 27.2 | 18.2 | 0.375 | 0.267 |
| Meropenem | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 29.6 | 40.8 | 53.7 | 42.7 | 57.8 | 0.683 | 0.159 |
| Ciprofloxacin | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 44.7 | 34.9 | 38.1 | 43.8 | 31.9 | −0.476 | 0.209 |
| Gentamicin | 73.8 | 75.9 | 82.9 | 80.2 | 68.7 | 71 | 22.7 | 74.4 | 68.3 | 69.2 | 73.2 | 80.2 | 69.9 | −0.101 | 0.371 |
| Amikacin | 61 | 73.1 | 75.5 | 73.1 | 56.9 | 63.9 | 12.3 | 8 | 57.1 | 59.6 | 68 | 70.6 | 65.5 | −0.109 | 0.361 |
NFGNB, non-fermentative Gram-negative bacilli (other than P. aeruginosa, A. baumannii and S. maltophilia).
*
Statistically significant association (r > 0.72 or < − 0.72, P < 0.05).