Table 2.
Sample distribution (%) or means (with standard deviation) in relation to country region, family socioeconomic status (SES), age and body mass index (BMI) by tertiles of dietary patterns
| Variables | Total | ‘Traditional Polish’ | ‘Fruit and vegetables’ | ‘Fast food and sweets’ | ‘Dairy and fats’ | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bottom | Middle | Upper | P | Bottom | Middle | Upper | P | Bottom | Middle | Upper | P | Bottom | Middle | Upper | P | ||
| Number of respondents | 1107 | 367 | 364 | 376 | 364 | 367 | 376 | 365 | 365 | 377 | 366 | 365 | 376 | ||||
| Age (years) | 17.3 (2.6) |
17.6 (2.5) |
17.1 (2.6) |
17.1 (2.6) |
0.0032 |
17.0 (2.6) |
17.4 (2.5) |
17.4 (2.6) |
0.0771 |
17.5 (2.6) |
17.2 (2.6) |
17.2 (2.6) |
0.3652 |
17.8 (2.5) |
17.1 (2.6) |
17.0 (2.6) |
< 0.0001 |
| Region a | 0.0170 | 0.0772 | 0.4819 | 0.3621 | |||||||||||||
| East | 18.1 | 40.1 | 37.0 | 22.9 | 37.8 | 34.3 | 28.0 | 33.0 | 33.8 | 33.2 | 34.6 | 35.3 | 30.1 | ||||
| North | 14.9 | 36.5 | 25.9 | 37.6 | 33.2 | 32.0 | 34.8 | 25.4 | 32.8 | 41.8 | 25.3 | 36.6 | 38.1 | ||||
| North-West | 16.5 | 29.3 | 32.9 | 37.8 | 38.6 | 35.5 | 25.9 | 35.0 | 34.1 | 30.9 | 35.1 | 32.2 | 32.7 | ||||
| South | 21.3 | 26.9 | 35.6 | 37.5 | 27.8 | 34.7 | 37.5 | 37.3 | 30.9 | 31.8 | 31.7 | 31.5 | 36.8 | ||||
| South-West | 9.5 | 37.2 | 31.0 | 31.7 | 30.5 | 27.7 | 41.8 | 31.1 | 36.9 | 32.0 | 29.8 | 34.3 | 35.9 | ||||
| Central | 19.7 | 32.0 | 32.5 | 35.6 | 30.1 | 32.0 | 37.9 | 33.2 | 32.0 | 34.8 | 38.8 | 29.6 | 31.6 | ||||
| SES index b | < 0.0001 | 0.0007 | 0.7716 | 0.4559 | |||||||||||||
| Low | 36.2 | 22.0 | 34.4 | 43.6 | 40.4 | 32.2 | 27.4 | 32.1 | 34.9 | 33.0 | 33.5 | 33.9 | 32.5 | ||||
| average | 30.6 | 34.0 | 30.2 | 35.8 | 30.0 | 33.1 | 36.9 | 33.9 | 33.1 | 33.0 | 30.0 | 35.1 | 34.9 | ||||
| High | 33.2 | 44.3 | 33.8 | 21.9 | 27.4 | 34.3 | 38.4 | 33.1 | 30.8 | 36.0 | 35.4 | 29.9 | 34.7 | ||||
| Components of SES index | |||||||||||||||||
| Mother’s education | < 0.0001 | 0.0473 | 0.0118 | 0.0846 | |||||||||||||
| primary/lower secondary | 39.8 | 24.1 | 33.1 | 42.8 | 37.5 | 31.7 | 30.8 | 27.3 | 36.8 | 35.9 | 32.9 | 34.2 | 32.9 | ||||
| upper secondary | 43.8 | 36.6 | 31.6 | 31.9 | 31.3 | 34.0 | 34.7 | 37.5 | 29.0 | 33.5 | 30.4 | 32.4 | 37.3 | ||||
| higher | 16.4 | 45.7 | 35.9 | 18.4 | 25.8 | 34.6 | 39.6 | 34.6 | 34.5 | 30.9 | 40.6 | 31.4 | 28.0 | ||||
| Father’s education | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 | 0.0080 | 0.0487 | |||||||||||||
| primary/lower secondary | 52.4 | 25.8 | 33.3 | 40.9 | 38.8 | 32.9 | 28.4 | 28.3 | 36.2 | 35.5 | 32.6 | 35.1 | 32.4 | ||||
| upper secondary | 35.1 | 39.5 | 31.7 | 28.7 | 29.1 | 32.7 | 38.2 | 38.3 | 28.3 | 33.4 | 30.4 | 31.9 | 37.7 | ||||
| Higher | 12.5 | 45.5 | 34.6 | 19.9 | 18.9 | 35.7 | 45.5 | 37.6 | 33.1 | 29.3 | 42.6 | 27.0 | 30.4 | ||||
| Economic status | 0.0134 | 0.0204 | 0.1319 | 0.0656 | |||||||||||||
| below average | 3.9 | 19.0 | 31.2 | 49.8 | 47.3 | 21.3 | 31.4 | 25.1 | 41.8 | 33.1 | 25.3 | 50.0 | 24.7 | ||||
| average | 80.0 | 32.6 | 32.4 | 35.0 | 33.4 | 32.0 | 34.7 | 34.3 | 33.1 | 32.6 | 32.4 | 32.3 | 35.3 | ||||
| above average | 16.1 | 39.1 | 35.6 | 25.3 | 27.1 | 41.9 | 31.0 | 28.5 | 30.3 | 41.3 | 38.2 | 32.1 | 29.8 | ||||
| Description of household – we live: | < 0.0001 | 0.1576 | 0.1469 | 0.3394 | |||||||||||||
| modestly c | 8.2 | 16.0 | 38.1 | 45.9 | 41.6 | 26.1 | 32.3 | 35.7 | 35.7 | 28.6 | 24.0 | 33.8 | 42.2 | ||||
| relatively thriftily | 49.6 | 30.0 | 32.5 | 37.5 | 33.8 | 34.3 | 31.9 | 35.9 | 31.8 | 32.3 | 34.0 | 33.1 | 32.9 | ||||
| well d | 42.2 | 40.0 | 32.4 | 27.6 | 30.1 | 33.2 | 36.6 | 29.1 | 33.9 | 37.0 | 33.8 | 32.6 | 33.6 | ||||
| Weight status | |||||||||||||||||
| BMI categories e | 0.1014 | 0.0059 | 0.0033 | 0.0477 | |||||||||||||
| thinnest grade 3 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | ||||
| thinnest grade 2 | 0.5 | 34.4 | 39.6 | 26.0 | 34.8 | 30.3 | 34.9 | 9.5 | 48.4 | 42.1 | 69.7 | 0.0 | 30.3 | ||||
| thinnest grade 1 | 9.7 | 22.7 | 31.8 | 45.5 | 35.1 | 30.9 | 34.0 | 30.3 | 21.2 | 48.5 | 24.5 | 40.5 | 35.0 | ||||
| normal weight | 77.7 | 34.8 | 32.5 | 32.7 | 34.9 | 33.8 | 31.3 | 31.6 | 34.5 | 33.9 | 31.9 | 32.8 | 35.3 | ||||
| overweight | 10.5 | 32.6 | 37.6 | 29.8 | 19.2 | 31.1 | 49.7 | 43.9 | 31.8 | 24.3 | 43.4 | 29.0 | 27.6 | ||||
| obesity | 1.6 | 15.8 | 34.1 | 50.1 | 13.2 | 41.7 | 45.1 | 44.3 | 37.0 | 18.7 | 39.8 | 39.0 | 21.2 | ||||
Notes: Sample size may vary in each variables due to missing data; All data adjusted for sample weights; a Regions of Poland ranked by Gross Domestic Product (GDP) from less to more wealthy: East GDP = 69.7, North GDP = 84.8, North-West GDP = 95.1, South GDP = 98.8, South-West GDP = 104.8, Central GDP = 140.4, Poland GDP = 100 [24]; b SES index categories based on tertile distribution; c ‘Modestly’ category was developed by combining two answers: ‘we live poorly’ and ‘we live modestly’; d ‘Well’ category was developed by combining two answers: ‘we live well’ and ‘we live very well’; e BMI was categorised according to IOTF standards [37], for girls 13–18 years old according to age-sex-specific BMI cut-offs, for girls > 18 years old according to cut-offs for girls at age 18) [37] as follows: < 16.0 kg/m2 (thinnest grade 3), 16.0–16.9 kg/m2 (thinnest grade 2), 17.0–18.4 kg/m2 (thinnest grade 1), 18.5–24.9 kg/m2 (normal weight), 25.0–29.9 kg/m2 (overweight) and ≥ 30 kg/m2 (obesity); P – significance level of the following tests: chi2 test for categorical variables or Kruskal–Wallis test for continuous variable