Table 1.
Summary of patient characteristics, diagnosis, treatment, and outcome in AFOP from literature
| Publication | Patient characteristics | Proposed cause | Diagnostic method | Treatment | Outcome | Duration of Follow-up | Still on treatment at follow-up? |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lopez-Cuenca et al [2] | 27 yo F | Marden-Walker syndrome/sepsis/ARDS | Autopsy | Corticosteroids, antibiotics, mechanical ventilation | Death | 15 days | NA |
| Bhatti et al [3] | 56 yo M | Idiopathic | SB | Corticosteroids, mycophenolate mofetil, mechanical ventilation | Improved | 12 months | Yes |
| Beasley et al [1] | 77 yo M | Haemophilus influenza | SB or autopsy⁎ | Antibiotics | Death | NS | NA |
| 33 yo M | Occupational exposure (construction worker)/Acinetobacter baumanii | SB | Antibiotics | Improved | NS | NS | |
| 55 yo M | Ankylosing spondylitis/occupational exposure (zoologist exposed to exotic animals)/amiodarone | SB | Antibiotics | Improved | NS | NS | |
| 76 yo F | Environmental (excessive hair spray) | SB | Corticosteroids, antibiotics | Improved | NS | NS | |
| 74 yo M | Environmental exposure (coalminer) | SB or autopsy⁎ | Furosemide, dopamine, mechanical ventilation | Death | NS | NA | |
| 78 yo F | Polymyositis | SB or autopsy⁎ | Corticosteroids | Death (unrelated cause) | NS | NA | |
| 58 yo F | Possible fibromyalgia | SB | Antibiotics | Improved | NS | NS | |
| 47 yo M | Idiopathic | SB | Antibiotics | Improved | NS | NS | |
| 39 yo M | Ki-1 lymphoma | SB or autopsy⁎ | Corticosteroids, mechanical ventilation | Death | NS | NA | |
| 59 yo F | Idiopathic | SB or autopsy⁎ | Antibiotics, corticosteroids, mechanical ventilation | Death | NS | NA | |
| 70 yo M | Idiopathic | SB | Antibiotics | Improved | NS | NA | |
| 72 yo F | Idiopathic | SB | Antibiotics, corticosteroids | Improved | NS | NS | |
| 36 yo M | Idiopathic | SB or autopsy⁎ | Mechanical ventilation | Death | NS | NA | |
| 76 yo M | Idiopathic | SB or autopsy⁎ | Antibiotics, corticosteroids | Death | NS | NA | |
| 65 yo F | Idiopathic | SB or autopsy⁎ | Antibiotics | Death | NS | NA | |
| 68 yo F | Idiopathic | SB or autopsy⁎ | NA | Death | NS | NA | |
| 66 yo M | Idiopathic | SB or autopsy⁎ | Antibiotics, corticosteroids, mechanical ventilation | Death | NS | NA | |
| Guimaraes et al [4] | 55yo F | Primary biliary cirrhosis | SB | Corticosteroids | Improved | 14 months | Yes |
| Rapaka et al [5] | 38 yo M | HIV | FTBB | Corticosteroids | Improved | NS | NS |
| Kobayashi et al [6] | 55 yo M | Chronic glomerulonephritis | SB | Corticosteroids | Improved | 3 months | NS |
| Tzouvelekis et al [7] | 65 yo F | Idiopathic | SB | Corticosteroids, antibiotics | Improved | 3 months | Yes |
| Zhang et al [8] | 73 yo M | Idiopathic | Ultrasound-guided percutaneous lung biopsy | Corticosteroids | Improved | 1.5 months | Yes |
| Valim et al [9] | 39 yo F | Systemic sclerosis | SB | Cyclophosph-amide, corticosteroids, mechanical ventilation | Death | 3 days | NA |
| Damas et al [10] | 66 yo M | Idiopathic | SB | Antibiotics, corticosteroids, cyclophosphamide | Improved | NS | NS |
| Yokogawa et al [11] | 52 yo F | Abacavir | SB | Antibiotics, corticosteroids, discontinue Abacavir | Improved | NS | NS |
| Balduin et al [12] | 47 yo M | Collagen vascular disease | SB | Corticosteroids, azathioprine, noninvasive mechanical ventilation | Improved | NS | NS |
| Lee et al [13] | 60 yo M | Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation/Acute myelogenous leukemia | FTBB | Corticosteroids | Death | 61 days | NA |
| Canessa et al [14] | 60 yo F | Whipple’s disease | SB | Antibiotics | Improved | NS | NS |
| Vasu et al [15] | 64 yo M | Decitabine/Acute myelogenous leukemia/myelodysplastic syndrome | SB | Corticosteroids, discontinuation of decitabine | Improved | NS | NS |
| Hariri et al [16] | 47 yo M | Systemic lupus erythematosus | SB | Corticosteroids, cyclophosphamide | Improved | NS | Yes |
| Heo et al [17] | 40 yo M | HIV/Pneumocystisjirovecii | SB | Antibiotics, corticosteroids | Improved | 8 months | No |
| Santos et al [18] | 44 yo M | Idiopathic | SB | Surgical resection | Improved | NS | |
| Otto et al [19] | 66 yo F | Influenza virus/history of double lung transplant | Autopsy | Antiviral, antibiotics, mechanical ventilation, ECMO | Death | 11 months | NA |
| Ribera et al [20] | 69 yo F | Chlamydia pneumoniae | FTBB | Antibiotics, steroids, mechanical ventilation | Death | 20 days | NA |
| Cincotta et al [21] | 38 day old F | ARDS/RSV | SB | Mechanical ventilation | Death | NS | NA |
| 10 month old | ARDS/severe combined immunodeficiency/Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia | SB | Mechanical ventilation | Death | NS | NA | |
| Sverzellati et al [22] | 62 yo F | Pulmonary mycosis fungoides | SB | Corticosteroids | Improved | NS | NS |
| Cho et al [23] | 79 yo M | Idiopathic | SB | Corticosteroids | Improved | NS | NS |
| Sauter et al [24] | 66 yo F | Anti-synthetase syndrome | SB | Azathioprine, mycophenolate, corticosteroids | Improved | 2 years | Yes |
| White et al [25] | 1 patient | Everolimus | FTBB | NS | NS | NS | NS |
| Prahalad et al [26] | 14 yo F | Juvenile dermatomyositis | SB | Antibiotics, corticosteroids, IV immunoglobulin, cyclosporine, cyclophosphamide, oscillating mechanical ventilation | Death | 2 weeks | NA |
| Hwang et al [27] | 6 patients with mean age of 68 yo | Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) | Autopsy | NS | Death | NS | NA |
| Qiu et al [28] | 5 patients, 2 male and 3 female, age 43-61 yo | NS | CT-guided percutaneous lung biopsy | Corticosteroids | Improved | NS | NS |
| Al-Khouzaie et al [29] | 45 yo M | NS | Lung biopsy | Corticosteroids | Improved | NS | NS |
| Labarinas et al [30] | 10 yo M | Severe aplastic anemia/fulminant hepatic failure (suspected to be autoimmune) | Lung biopsy | Antithymocyte globulin, cyclosporine, hematopoietic stem cell transplant | Improved | NS | NS |
| Moreira et al [31] | 44 yo M | NS | SB | Surgical resection | Improved | NS | No |
| Bawa et al [32] | 31 yo F | Idiopathic | Lung biopsy | Corticosteroids, antibiotics | Improved | 9 months | Yes |
| Jarbou et al [33] | 70 yo M | Idiopathic | SB | Corticosteroids | Improved | 6 months | Yes |
| Alici et al [34] | 48 yo F | Grade 2 primary graft dysfunction of lung transplant | FTBB | Corticosteroids | Improved | 1 week | Yes |
| Feng et al [35] | 64 yo M | Mycobacterium tuberculosis | Percutaneous needle lung biopsy | Corticosteroids, anti-tuberculosis antibiotics | Improved | 9 months | NS |
| 84 yo M | Lung adenocarcinoma | Percutaneous needle lung biopsy, surgical lung biopsy | Corticosteroids, antibiotics, surgical resection | Death due to brain metastasis | 10 months | NA | |
| Garcia et al [36] | 46 yo M | Idiopathic | SB | Corticosteroids | Improved | NS | NS |
| Hara et al [37] | 70 yo M | Idiopathic | FTBB | Corticosteroids | Resolved | 3 months | NS |
| 55 yo M | Idiopathic | SB | Corticosteroids | Resolved | 3 months | NS | |
| Kassir et al [38] | 53 yo F | Mycoplasma pneumoniae | Peripheral lung biopsy | Corticosteroids | Improved | 2 weeks | Yes |
| Lococo etal [39] | 65 yo F | Idiopathic | SB | Corticosteroids | Resolved | 6 weeks | NS |
| Piciucchi et al [40] | 79 yo M | Amiodarone | FTBB | Corticosteroids | Resolved | 3 months | NS |
| Mittal et al [41] | 14 yo F | Idiopathic | CT-guided percutaneous transthoracic lung biopsy | Corticosteroids | Resolved | 1 month | No |
| Renaud-Picard et al [42] | 22 yo M | Cystic fibrosis; lung transplant | FTBB | Corticosteroids, antibiotics, re-transplantation of lungs | Improved | 2 years | No |
| Akhtar et al [43] | 68 yo F | Idiopathic | CT-guided biopsy | Corticosteroids | Improved | 2 months | Yes |
| Feinstein et al [44] | 10 patients, 4 M, 6 F, average age 59.6 yo | NS | SB | Corticosteroids | 6 patients improved; Death in 4 patients(unrelated to AFOP) | NS | NS |
| Rajan et al [45] | 42 yo M | Acute myelogenous leukemia/Aspergillosis | SB | Antifungal | Resolved | 5 months | No |
| Paraskeva et al [46] | 22 patients | Lung transplant | FTBB | Antibiotics, antifungals, corticosteroids | Death | Median time to death 94 days after diagnosis | NA |
| Bierach et al [47] | 4 patients | Lung transplant | NS | Corticosteroids | NS | NS | NS |
| Oskuei et al [48] | 71 yo M | Decitabine/myelodysplastic syndrome | SB | Corticosteroids, antibiotics, discontinuation of decitabine | Improved | NS | NS |
| Hankollari et al [49] | 36 yo M | Bleomycin | FTBB | Corticosteroids | Improved | NS | NS |
| Rafii et al [50] | 55 yo F | Idiopathic | SB | Corticosteroids | Improved | NS | NS |
yo, years old; F, female; M, male; SB, surgical biopsy; FTBB, fiberoptic transbronchial biopsy; NS, not specified; NA, not applicable; ARDS, adult respiratory distress syndrome; RSV, respiratory syncytial virus; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; ECMO, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.
⁎
Beasley et al reported that 15 patients had open lung biopsies to confirm the diagnosis, and 2 patients had the diagnosis made on autopsy. It was not specified which of the patients had the diagnosis made on autopsy.