Table 2.
Pneumonia attributable etiology and microbiological findings in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid specimens.
| Etiology | No. (%) |
|---|---|
| Bacterial | 18 (12.5%) |
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa | 4 (22.2%) |
| Multi-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae | 1 (5.6%) |
| Enterococcus faecalis | 2 (11.1%) |
| Stenotrophomonas maltophilia | 1 (5.6%) |
| Streptococcus pneumoniae | 1 (5.6%) |
| Streptococcus mitis | 1(5.6%) |
| Enterococcus faecalis | 2 (11.1%) |
| Enterococcus faecium | 1 (5.6%) |
| Meticillin- resistant Staphylococcus aureus | 1 (5.6%) |
| Escherichia coli | 1(5.6%) |
| Nocardia asteroides complex | 1 (5.6%) |
| Not documenteda | 4 (22.2%) |
| Viral | 37 (25.7%) |
| One virus | 26 (70.3%) |
| Enterovirus/Rhinovirus | 10 (38.5%) |
| Parainfluenza 3 virus | 5 (19.2%) |
| Respiratory syncytial virus | 4 (16.7%) |
| Metapneumovirus | 3 (11.5%) |
| Influenza A H1N1 | 1 (3.8%) |
| Influenza A H3N2 | 1 (3.8%) |
| Influenza B | 1 (3.8%) |
| Parainfluenza 1 virus | 1 (3.8%) |
| Two viruses | 6 (16.2%) |
| Metapneumovirus/Respiratory syncytial virus | 2 (33.3%) |
| Enterovirus/Rhinovirus/Parainfluenza 1 virus | 1 (16.7%) |
| Influenza A H1N1/Respiratory syncytial virus | 1 (16.7%) |
| Influenza A H3N2/Respiratory syncytial virus | 1 (16.7%) |
| Influenza B/ Respiratory syncytial virus | 1 (16.7%) |
| Three viruses | |
| Adenovirus/Coronavirus NL63/Parainfluenza 3 virus) | 1 (2.7%) |
| Not detectedb | 4 (10.8%) |
| Invasive Fungal Infection (Aspergillus spp.)c | 22 (15.3%) |
| Possible | 11 (50%) |
| Probable | 7 (35%) |
| Proven | 4 (18.2%) |
| Polymicrobial | 42 (29.2%) |
| Bacteria/virus | 18 (42.9%) |
| Bacteria/fungus (Aspergillus spp.) | 10 (23.8%) |
| Bacteria/virus/fungus (Aspergillus spp.) | 4 (9.5%) |
| Virus/fungus (Aspergillus spp.) | 2 (4.8%) |
| Mycobacterium tuberculosis/virus | 2 (4.8%) |
| Mycobacterium tuberculosis/fungus (Aspergillus spp.) | 2 (4.8%) |
| Pneumocystis jiroveci/virus | 2 (4.8%) |
| Bacteria/virus/fungus (Aspergillus spp.)/ Mycobacterium tuberculosis | 1 (2.4%) |
| Pneumocystis jiroveci/virus/bacteria | 1 (2.4%) |
| Proven CMV Pneumoniad | 2 (1.4%) |
| Non-infectious etiologye | 23 (15.9%) |
a
Suspected etiology based on clinical and radiographic data.
b
Suspected etiology based on clinical (i.e. pneumonia preceded by an upper-respiratory tract infection) and radiographic data.
c
According to [28].
d
According to [4].
e
Including idiopathic pneumonia syndrome, bronchiolitis obliterans and cryptogenic organizing pneumonia among other causes.