Table 3.
Methods for the inactivation of human NoVs
| Treatment | Effectiveness | References |
|---|---|---|
| Sanitizers | ||
| Chlorine (1000 ppm) | Surface wiping; 1 log reduction in GI.4 RNA and 1.5 log reduction in GII.4 RNA | Tuladhar et al,123 2012 |
| Sodium hypochlorite (160 ppm) | Surface treatment for 30 s; 5 log reduction in GI.1 RNA | Liu et al,124 2010 |
| Alcohol or isopropanol (50%–75%) | Not efficient for GII.4 RNA | Nowak et al,125 2011 |
| Alcohol or isopropanol (90%) | <2 log reduction in GII.4 RNA | Park et al,126 2010 |
| Alcohol (95%) | Ineffective in reducing GI.1 RNA | Liu et al,124 2010 |
| Quaternary ammonium compounds | Not efficient for GII.4 RNA | Nowak et al,125 2011 |
| Chlorine dioxide (200 ppm) | Not efficient for GII.4 RNA | Nowak et al,125 2011 |
| Hydrogen peroxide (2.1%) | Treatment for 5 min; 2 log reduction in GI.8 RNA and 1 log reduction in GII.4 RNA | Li et al,127 2011 |
| Thermal Processing | ||
| 64°C | 64°C for 1 min; 0.9 logs reduction of GI.1 in binding to gastric mucin–coated beads | Dancho et al,95 2012 |
| 73°C | 73°C for 2 min; 3.1 logs reduction of GI.1 in binding to gastric mucin–coated beads | Dancho et al,95 2012 |
| 70°C | 70°C for 3 min; 1 log reduction in GI.8 RNA, but no reduction in GII.4 RNA | Li et al,127 2011 |
| Nonthermal Processing | ||
| HPP (600 MPa at 6°C for 5 min) | Oysters seeded with GI.1 strain treated by HPP; no infection (0/10) in human volunteers consuming oysters; complete inactivation | Leon et al,94 2011 |
| HPP (400 MPa at 25° for 5 min) | 60% (3/5) infection in human volunteers consuming HPP-treated oysters; incomplete inactivation | Leon et al,94 2011 |
| HPP (400 MPa at 6° for 5 min) | 21% (3/14) infection in human volunteers consuming HPP-treated oysters; incomplete inactivation | Leon et al,94 2011 |
| HPP (600 MPa at 6°C for 5 min) | GI.1 and GII.4 strains reduced binding to gastric mucin–coated beads to 0.3% and 4.0%; 4.7-log RNA reduction | Dancho et al,95 2012 |
| Ultraviolet light | 2.0 J/cm2 treatment; 3.8 log reduction in GI.1 RNA | Dancho et al,95 2012 |
| Gaseous ozone | 1 log reduction for NoV RNA on surfaces | Hudson et al,128 2007 |