Table 1.

Bacteria, fungi and viruses inhibited by chloroquine and/or hydroxychloroquine (in vitro data)

Bacteria	Reference	Fungi	Reference	Virus	Reference
Coxiella burnetii	[5], [13]	Histoplasma capsulatum	[24]	HIV	[2], [29], [30], [31], [32]
Tropheryma whipplei	[7], [8]	Cryptococcus neoformans	[15], [25]	SARS-CoV	[33], [34]
Legionella pneumophila	[11]	Paracoccidioides brasiliensis	[26]	Influenza viruses	[35], [36], [37], [38]
Francisella tularensis	[12]	Penicillium marneffei	[15], [27]	Flavivirus, including yellow fever virus	[39]
Mycobacterium tuberculosis	[14]	Aspergillus fumigatus	[28]	Rubella virus	[40], [41]
Mycobacterium avium	[15]			HAV	[42]
Salmonella Typhi	[16]			HBV	[43], [44]
Escherichia coli	[17]			HCV	[45]
Bacillus anthracis	[18]			Arenavirus	[46]
Bacillus subtilis	[19]
Borrelia burgdorferi	[20]			Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus	[47]
Brucella abortus	[21]			Rabies virus	[48]
Staphylococcus aureus	[22]			Varicella–Zoster virus	[49]
Listeria monocytogenes	[23]			Respiratory syncytial virus	[50]
				Sindbis virus	[51]
				Herpes simplex viruses	[41], [52], [53]
				Epstein–Barr virus	[54]
				Polioviruses	[55], [56], [57]
				Newcastle disease virus	[58]
				Borna disease virus	[59]
				Vesicular stomatitis virus	[37], [60], [61], [62]
				Vaccinia virus	[63]
				Murine RNA tumour virus	[64]
				FMDV	[65]
				Mayaro virus	[66]
				Feline calicivirus	[67]
				African swine fever virus	[68]
				Bovine leukaemia virus	[69]
				Canine parvovirus	[70]
				Minute Virus of Mice	[71]

HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; SARS-CoV, SARS coronavirus; HAV, hepatitis A virus; HBV, hepatitis B virus; HCV, hepatitis C virus; FMDV, foot and mouth disease virus.