Table 1.
Antiviral Immune Responses Induced by Antiviral Monoclonal Antibodies (mAbs) Against Life-Threatening Human Virusesa
| Animal Model | Virus | Therapeutic Antibody | Administration | Clinical Outcome | Cellular Response | Humoral Response | Refs |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) |
SIV smE660 (i.v.) |
SIVIG | i.v. (1 and 14 days post-infection) |
Delayed disease, increased survival rate; control of viremia (5-year follow-up) |
No difference in CD4+ T-cell counts, 30% animals develop an antiviral CTL response |
Acceleration of de novo nAb production | [39] |
| Rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) |
SIV mac239 (intramuscular) |
SIVIG | i.v. (7 days post-infection) |
Reduction of viral loads | Polyfunctional Gag-specific T-cell response | Transient nAb response | 40, 41 |
| Pigtail macaques (Macaca nemestrina) |
SHIVSF162P3 (oral) |
SHIVIG + IgG1b12 | s.c. (24 h before challenge) |
Transient reduction in plasma viremia (6 months) |
No difference in CD4+ T-cell counts | Rapid appearance of nAb | [43] |
| Rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) |
SHIVSF162P3 (oral) |
SHIVIG | s.c. (24 h before challenge) |
Protection from disease | No difference in total Gag-specific CD8+ T-cell response | Preservation of B cells: de novo nAb production (ADCVI) |
[44] |
| Rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) |
SHIVSF162P3 (Intrarectal) |
PGT121+3BNC117+b12; PGT121+3BNC117; PGT121 |
i.v. (9 months post-infection) |
Decline in plasma viremia | Improved functionality of Gag-specific T-cell response | de novo nAb to SHIV-SF162P3 | [23] |
| Rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) |
SHIV-1157ipEL-p (Intrarectal) |
HGN194 | i.v. (1 day before infection and 7 days post-infection) |
Aviremia, protection not reported |
Gag-specific T-cell response | N.D. | [46] |
| BALB/c mice | RSV r19F (Intranasal) |
131-2G mAb | i.p. (2 days before infection) |
Decreased virus replication | Increased Thf counts; decreased IL4, increased IFN-γ+ T cells; high counts of virus-specific CD8+ T cells |
Enhanced humoral response | [47] |
| African Green monkeys (Chlorocebus aethiops) |
HeV (Intratracheally) |
m102.4 | i.v. (10 h, 24 h or 72 h post-infection and 48 h later) |
Reduced viral loads | N.D. | Anti-HeV humoral response | [50] |
| African Green monkeys (Chlorocebus aethiops) |
NiV (Intratracheally) |
m102.4 | i.v. (24 h, 72 h, 60 h post-infection and 48 h later) |
Protection | N.D. | Antiviral humoral response | [51] |
a
Abbreviations: ADCVI, antibody-dependent cell-mediated viral inhibition; CTL, cytotoxic T lymphocyte; IL-4, interleukin-4; IFN-γ: interferon-γ; i.p., intraperitoneal; i.v., intravenous; nAbs, neutralizing antibodies; N.D., not determined; RSV, respiratory syncytial virus; SIVIG/SHIV, highly neutralizing polyclonal immune globulin prepared from hyperimmune SIV/SHIV-infected animals; s.c., subcutaneous; Tfh, follicular helper T cells.