Table 3.

Detection and typing methods for foodborne viral infections

Virus	Detection in:
	Clinical samples		Food		Water
	Methods	Categorya	Methods	Category	Methods	Category
Calicivirus
NoV	Stool, genome detection, EMb	S-R	Genome detection	S-E	Genome detection	S-R
SaV	Stool, genome detection, EM	S-R	Genome detection	S-E	Genome detection	S-E
Hepatitis A virus	serum, antibody detection	R	Genome detection, culture	S-E/R	Genome detection, culture	S-E/R
Rotaviruses
Group A	Stool antigen detection	R	Culture, genome detection	S-E	Culture, genome detection	S-E
Non-group A	Stool antigen detection, EM	S-E/R
Adenoviruses	Stool, antigen detection	R	Genome detection	S-E	Genome detection	S-E
Astroviruses	Stool, antigen detection	S-R	Genome detection, culture	S-E	Culture, genome detection	S-E
Enteroviruses	Stool culture	R	Culture	S-E	Culture, genome detection	S-R
Hepatitis E virus	Serum, antibody detection	R	Genome detection	NA	Genome detection	S-E

^aCategory of laboratory: R=routine; S-R is routinely available in specialised laboratories; S-E=experimentally available in specialised laboratories; S-E/R=routinely available in some of the specialised laboratories, experimentally available in more.

^bEM=particle detection by electron microscope.