Table 1.

Vaccine strategies in colostrum-fed calves: pathogens, route, and timing

Pathogen	Delivery (IM, IN, SC)	Formulation (MLV or inactivated)	Youngest age to mount a protective response	Epidemiologic consequence	Disadvantages/problems
BRSV	IM, INa, SC	MLV, inactivated	IN-MLV, 2 wk [43], 3 wk [34], IM-inactivated 4–5 wk [46]	important pathogen < 4 mo of age	highly susceptible to antibody interference
BVDV	IM, SC	MLV, inactivated	IM-adjuvanted MLV 5 wk [47] IM-MLV or inactivated 7 wk [39]	important pathogen > 4 mo of age	MLV immunosuppression
BHV-1 (IBR)	IM, IN, SC	MLV, inactivated	IN-MLV, 2 d [41]	important pathogen >4 mo of age	MLV immunosuppression, lifelong latency
Clostridial spp	SC	inactivated, toxoid	SC-inactivated, toxoid 170 d [58]	important pathogen 0–9 mo	local reactions
Mannheimia Pasteurella	SC	MLV, inactivated, toxoid	inactivated-toxoid 6 wk [36]	important pathogen 0–9 mo
Mycoplasma bovis	SC	inactivated	ND	important pathogen 0–9 mo
Salmonella spp	SC, IM	MLV, inactivated, subunit	SC-MLV 2 wk	important pathogen 0–9 mo	MLV immunosuppression
Rotavirus, Coronavirus	oral	MLV	Oral 1 d of age	important pathogen 5–21 d of age	highly susceptible to antibody interference

Abbreviations: IBR, infectious bovine rhinotracheitis; IM, intramuscular; ND, not done; SC, subcutaneous.

^aAvailable in Europe.