Figure 3.

Skeletal deformities and radiographic findings in patients with fibrous dysplasia (FD). A, Images of a patient with a bowing deformity of the proximal upper extremity. Radiographs reveal extensive FD involvement, including an expansile humeral lesion demonstrating severe cortical thinning and a characteristic “ground-glass” appearance. B, A patient with coxa vara deformity proximally (at the hip) and genu valgum deformity distally (at the knees). Note the leg length discrepancy with the resulting asymmetry of the knees apparent in the photograph. This patient’s radiographs demonstrate diffuse FD involvement of the lower extremities with cortical thinning and “ground-glass” radiolucency. Plate and nail implants have been placed in the bilateral proximal femurs to correct shepherd’s crook deformities (yellow arrows). Note the presence of an 8-plate initially implanted in the distal femoral epiphyses, which has migrated proximally during skeletal growth (yellow star). This implant was intended to treat leg length discrepancy by slowing growth in the left leg, which is unfortunately now shorter than the right. C, Posterior view of a patient with severe spinal curvature, resulting in shortening of the torso and asymmetry of the shoulders and scapulae. This patient’s radiographs demonstrate severe thoracic scoliosis with loss of lung volumes bilaterally. Reproduced with permission from Hartley I et al. (24).