Table 7.
Planning for services-led urban development within the Asia-Pacific
| Development models and representative programmes | Principles and values | Reference cases |
|---|---|---|
| Service industries and globalization | Inter-city competition, concepts of competitive advantage, urban hierarchy; discounting of social costs (Daniels, 1993) | Singapore (since mid-1980s); Shanghai, Osaka, Fukuoka |
| Deregulation/privatization | ||
| Foreign direct investment | ||
| Urban mega-projects (after Olds, 2001) | ||
| Service industries and ‘post-industrial’ trajectories | Pursuit of ‘growth services’ and propulsive intermediate service industries within context of industrial decline/obsolescence; acceptance of dislocation and displacement effects (Hall, 1991) | Nagoya, Hong Kong, Singapore |
| Land use policy change | ||
| Human capital investments | ||
| Targeted industry support programmes | ||
| Service industries and the ‘New Economy’ | Assertive technocratic vision which privileges the future; idea of IT as principal instrument of urban transformation and modernization; ‘re-imaging’ of the city via policy-induced technological development (Bunnell, 2002) | Kuala Lumpur-Putrajaya, Singapore, Vancouver |
| Support for R&D | ||
| Promotion of urban ‘technopoles’ | ||
| Spatial planning and land use policy | ||
| Service industries and the ‘co-operative regional cluster’ model | Acknowledgement of complementarity (as well as competition) among centres within extended metropolitan regions (EMR's), after McGee (Douglass, 2000) | Hong Kong/Pearl River Delta, SIJORI, San Francisco-Bay Area Region |
| Institutional co-ordination | ||
| Joint planning and marketing efforts | ||
| Spatial rationalization of new investment | ||
| Service industries and the ‘sustainable city-region’ model | Principles of social and environmental policy; idea of ‘efficient and equitable’ city-region; acknowledgement of sustainability as planning paradigm or framework (Goldberg and Hutton, 2000) | Sydney, Vancouver, Pearl River Delta |
| Planning for suburban service industry subcentres | ||
| Services within ‘compact’ and ‘complete’ communities | ||
| Extensive designated ‘green zones’ | ||
| Service industries and the urban ‘cultural economy’ | Idea of strategic convergence between culture and urban development (Scott, 1997); significance of creative industries and workforce (Florida, 2002) | Los Angeles, Singapore, Vancouver |
| Public support of the arts | ||
| Policy support for inner city clusters | ||
| Heritage planning | ||
| Promotion of the ‘24 h’ city |