Table 1.

Four approaches to immobilizing biosensors onto dry or wet cellulose

Biosensor	Physical	Chemical	Biochemical	Carrier particles⁎
Antibodies	[77]	Film [105]	[77], [85], [86], [88], [106]	Microgel [17]
				Silica [30]
Enzyme	[5], [27], [37], [41], [71]	Film [105], [108], [109]	[86]	Silica [9]
	Extruded with regenerated cellulose film [107]	Paper [110], [111]
	Layer-by-layer [81]
Phage	[19], [28]		Phage [19]
DNA Aptamer	[8], [23]	Paper [8], [112]	[90]	Microgel [17]
		Nitrocellulose film [113]
Cells		[114]	[87]
Biotin, streptavidin		[115]

^⁎There are many examples of biomacromolecule immobilization on particles – these references are restricted to cases where the particles were subsequently put onto paper.