. 2015 Apr 30;33(26):2955–2962. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.04.071

Table 3.

Highlights of the presentations delivered by the chair of the meeting and keynote speaker.

Chairs’ summary & recommendations
• Entirely synthetic so no virus culture is required • Highly stable at different storage temperatures and when subjected to freeze-thawing • Amenable to lyophilisation thus facilitating shipping and deployment in low-resource areas Pseudotyped virus neutralisation assay • Useful as an adjunct to the EMA/FDA approved HI and SRH (influenza virus) • Serum-sparing, antigen-sparing and biosafe • Measures anti-HA head and stalk responses (influenza virus- functional assay) • Can be used to measure anti-HA stalk responses using a hybrid HA with a mismatched unreactive head (influenza virus) • Readily scaled up, and in a multiplex format the inter-assay variability is likely to be reduced	• Multiplex assay should be adapted to measure antibody responses against two different respiratory virus groups (influenza virus/coronaviruses) • Pseudotype kit development should be progressed in line with WHO/OIE/SME standards • Pseudotype coverage of all influenza virus A&B HA subtypes as a pandemic preparedness resource

Chairs’ summary & recommendations

Pseudotyped viruses

Recommendation

• Entirely synthetic so no virus culture is required
• Highly stable at different storage temperatures and when subjected to freeze-thawing
• Amenable to lyophilisation thus facilitating shipping and deployment in low-resource areas

Pseudotyped virus neutralisation assay
• Useful as an adjunct to the EMA/FDA approved HI and SRH (influenza virus)
• Serum-sparing, antigen-sparing and biosafe
• Measures anti-HA head and stalk responses (influenza virus- functional assay)
• Can be used to measure anti-HA stalk responses using a hybrid HA with a mismatched unreactive head (influenza virus)
• Readily scaled up, and in a multiplex format the inter-assay variability is likely to be reduced

• Multiplex assay should be adapted to measure antibody responses against two different respiratory virus groups (influenza virus/coronaviruses)
• Pseudotype kit development should be progressed in line with WHO/OIE/SME standards
• Pseudotype coverage of all influenza virus A&B HA subtypes as a pandemic preparedness resource

Keynote speaker summary & recommendations
• Have ‘real’ uses in virology and vaccinology • Do not require high level containment (Ebola virus, SARS coronavirus, rabies virus) • Can detect viral cell surface receptors and receptor-blocking drugs: HIV: CD4 + CCR5; rabies: nAchR + NCAM; SARS coronavirus: ACE-2R • Useful for viruses difficult to propagate in vitro (HCV, HTLV) • Simple reverse genetics of envelope genes (HIV, HCV) can be undertaken • Exhibit high sensitivity and specificity (all enveloped viruses) in neutralisation assays • For use in neutralisation assays, very small volumes of sera are required (1 μl samples from bats) • Can be used to monitor sera from candidate vaccines (Ebola virus, HIV, influenza virus: H5N1)	• Expand serological surveillance using pseudotypes (human, veterinary and wild life) • Development of a triple assay: firefly + renilla luciferases + GFP (Ebola + Lyssa + SARS) • Expand the exploitation of empty PVs as immunogens

Keynote speaker summary & recommendations

Pseudotyped viruses

Recommendation

• Have ‘real’ uses in virology and vaccinology
• Do not require high level containment (Ebola virus, SARS coronavirus, rabies virus)
• Can detect viral cell surface receptors and receptor-blocking drugs: HIV: CD4 + CCR5; rabies: nAchR + NCAM; SARS coronavirus: ACE-2R
• Useful for viruses difficult to propagate in vitro (HCV, HTLV)
• Simple reverse genetics of envelope genes (HIV, HCV) can be undertaken
• Exhibit high sensitivity and specificity (all enveloped viruses) in neutralisation assays
• For use in neutralisation assays, very small volumes of sera are required (1 μl samples from bats)
• Can be used to monitor sera from candidate vaccines (Ebola virus, HIV, influenza virus: H5N1)

• Expand serological surveillance using pseudotypes (human, veterinary and wild life)
• Development of a triple assay: firefly + renilla luciferases + GFP (Ebola + Lyssa + SARS)
• Expand the exploitation of empty PVs as immunogens