Table 3.
Pharmacological effects of Polygonum multiflorum.
| Pharmacological effects | Detail | Active extract/fraction/compound | Effective concentration/dose/pattern | Study model | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Anti-aging effect | Increase the activities of SOD and GSH-Px | 2,3,5,4′-tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-d-glucoside | 20 and 40 mg/kg/day, po., for 42 days | in vivo | Liu et al. (2008a) |
| Inhibit AChE I activity | Emodin-8-O-β-d-glucopyranoside | 0.5–80 mg/kg/day, po., once or 15 days | in vivo | Chen et al. (2001a) | |
| Decrease the AChE activity | 2,3,5,4′-tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-d-glucoside | 30,60 and 120 mg/kg/day, ig., for 11 weeks | in vivo | Lin et al. (2008) | |
| Preventive effect against cognitive deficits | Water extract | The experimental diet was based on the RAIN 76 formula, and comprised either 0.5% or 1% Polygonum multiflorum water extract, po., for 28 days | in vivo | Um et al. (2006) | |
| Protect against MPP+-induced apoptosis | 2,3,5,4′-tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-d-glucoside | 1, 5 and 10 μM | in vitro | Li et al. (2010c) | |
| Protect against MPP+-induced apoptosis | 2,3,5,4′-tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-d-glucoside | 0.1, 1 and 10 μM | in vitro | Qin et al. (2011) | |
| Protected human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells against MPP+-induced cytotoxicity | 2,3,5,4′-tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-d-glucoside | 3.125, 6.25, 12.5, 25 and 50 μM | in vitro | Sun et al. (2011) | |
| promoted cell viability and reduced cell membrane damage | 2,3,5,4′-tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-d-glucoside | 5–400 μmol/L | in vitro | Zhang et al. (2004); Xu and Yi (2013) | |
| Neuroprotective effect | Ethyl acetate extract | 0.1, 0.5, 1, 3, 5, 10 μg/mL | in vivo | Kim et al. (2013) | |
| Protect U373 human astrocytes | 80% ethanol extract | LC50 was 35.2±1.2 μg/mL, EC50 was <0.2 μg/mL for hydrogen peroxide | in vitro | Steele et al. (2013) | |
| Inhibition of apoptosis of primary cortical neurons | Hexane extract | 0.1, 0.5, 1, 5 and 10 μg/mL | in vitro | Jang et al. (2013) | |
| Neuroprotective effects | 2,3,5,4′-tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-d-glucoside | 20 and 40 mg/kg/day, po., for 14 days | in vivo | Zhang et al. (2013) | |
| The neuroprotective effect was attributable to some substance(s) Included in the ethanol-soluble fraction. | 75% ethanol extract | 400 and 800 mg/kg/day, po., for 47 days. | in vivo | Li et al. (2005) | |
| Against d-galactose-induced aging | 2,3,5,4′-tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-d-glucoside | 42, 84 and 168 mg/kg, po., for 8 weeks | in vivo | Zhou et al. (2013) | |
| Antioxidant effect | 2,3,5,4′-tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-d-glucoside | 20 and 40 mg/kg/day, po., for 42 days | in vivo | Lv et al. (2007) | |
| Antimelanogenic activity | 2,3,5,4′-tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-d-glucoside | 60 μM to 240 μM | in vitro | Cheung et al. (2014) | |
| decreased the level of LPF in brain and kidney, enhanced the activities of Na+/K+-ATPase in heart and SOD in liver | Ethanol extract | 0.32 g crude drugs/kg/day, po., 5 days/week, for 4 weeks | in vivo | Song et al. (2003) | |
| Promote learning and memory ability | 50% ethanol, 95% ethanol, or water extracts | 2.5 g/kg/day, po., for 18 weeks | in vivo | Chan et al. (2002) | |
| Enhancement of learning and memory | 2,3,5,4′-tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-d-glucoside | 1 and 5 μM | in vitro | Wang et al. (2011a) | |
| Enhancement of learning and memory | 2,3,5,4′-tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-d-glucoside | 120, 240 μmol/kg/day, po., for 4, 10 and 16 months | in vivo | Zhang et al. (2006c) | |
| Immunomodulating effect | Immunomodulatory effects | Polysaccharide fraction | 20, 40 and 80 mg/kg/day, intraperitoneal, for 7 days | in vivo | Chen et al. (2012b) |
| Immunomodulatory effects | Polysaccharide fraction | 0.4, 0.8 or 1.6 g/kg/day. po., for 10 days | in vivo | Ge et al. (2007) | |
| Immunomodulatory effects | Polysaccharide fraction | 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg/day, po., for 7 days | in vivo | Zhang et al. (2008) | |
| Accelerate T and B lymphocytes proliferation | Anthraquinone glycoside | 31.25–125 μg/mL | in vitro | Sun et al. (2006) | |
| Increased of serum IgM | Water extract of Polygonum multiflorum and Polygonum multiflorum Praeparata | 30 g/kg, po., for 90 days | in vivo | Hu et al. (2009) | |
| Enhance antibody Secreting cells׳ function | Water extract | 2 mg or 4 mg /mice/day, intraperitoneal injection, for 7 days. | in vivo | Qin et al. (1990) | |
| ConA and LPS enhancement | n-butanol, ethyl acetate and chloroform extracts | 50, 100 and 200 μg/mL | in vitro | Deng et al. (2008) | |
| Anti-hyperlipidaemia effect | Decrease the levels of TC, TG, LDL-C, MDA and TC/HDL-C, HDL-C, NO and SOD. | 2,3,5,4′-tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-d-glucoside | 30, 60 mg/kg/day, po., for 28 days | in vivo | Wang (2005a); Wang et al. (2009a) |
| Decrease the levels of TC, TG, LDL-C, MDA and TC/HDL-C, HDL-C, NO and SOD. | 2,3,5,4′-tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-d-glucoside | 90, 180 mg/kg/day, po., for 7 days | in vivo | Gao et al. (2007) | |
| Decrease the TC, TG and AI levels. | Polygonum multiflorum polysaccharides | 50 and 200 mg/kg/day, po., for 28 days | in vivo | Zhai et al. (2010) | |
| Lipid regulation activity | major chemical components from Polygonum multiflorum (Emodin, Physcion and 2,3,5,4′-tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-d-glucoside) | 50 μM to 300 μM | in vitro | Wang et al. (2014) | |
| Anti-hyperlipidemic effect | Emodin | 75, 150 and 300 mg/kg/day, po., for 4 weeks | in vivo | Wu et al. (2012) | |
| Reduce blood lipid effect | SFE, systematic solvents (petroleum benzin, ethylacetate, n-butanol, 75 % ethanol and water) and ethanol-precipitation after water-extraction extracts. | 0.5 to 1.25 g/kg, po., for once | in vivo | Li et al. (2008) | |
| TC-lowing effects, reduce LDL-C | Water extracts | 0.405, 0.81, 1.62 mg/kg/day for Polygonum multiflorum, 0.81, 1.62, 3.24 mg/kg/day for Polygonum multiflorum Praeparata, po., for 24 days | in vivo | Li et al. (2012b) | |
| Increase the intracellular contents of TG and TC | Water and 50% ethanol extracts | 10, 20, 40, 80 and 100 μg/mL | in vitro | Wang et al. (2012a) | |
| Hepatoprotective effect | Hepatoprotective effects | Emodin | 30 and 50 mg/kg, po. | in vivo | Lin et al. (1996) |
| Hepatoprotective effects | Emodin | 20, 30 and 40 mg/kg, po., one administration | in vivo | Bhadauria et al. (2010) | |
| Hepatoprotective and renal protection | Rhein | 10, 20 and 40 mg/kg, po., for once | in vivo | Zhao et al. (2011b) | |
| Antioxidant activity | Homogeneous polysaccharide | IC50 values were 0.47, 0.6 and 0.93 mg/mL for superoxide anion scavenging, hydroxyl radical scavenging, and hydroxyl peroxide scavenging | in vitro | Lv et al. (2014) | |
| Promote the expression of HGF | Methanol extract | 1–1000 μg/mL | in vitro | Huang et al. (2007) | |
| Increases the expression of HGF messenger RNA in liver tissue | Methanol extract | 20, 23, 30, 37, and 44 mg/kg/day, po., for 25 days. | in vivo | Huang et al. (2007) | |
| Treatment the hepatic lipid accumulation | Water extracted | 15 g/kg/day, po., for 8 days | in vivo | Liu et al. (1992) | |
| Anticancer effect | Inhibit the growth of HepG2 cells | Emodin | IC50 was 36±2.6 μg/ml | in vitro | Liu et al. (2003) |
| Arrests liver cancer Huh7, Hep3B, and HepG2 cells in G2/M phase, | Emodin | 50 μM | in vitro | Hsu et al. (2010) | |
| Anti-cervical cancer | Aloe-emodin | 2.5 and 40 µmol/L | in vitro | Guo et al. (2007b) | |
| Anti-bladder cancer | Aloe-emodin | 5, 10, 25 and 50 μM | in vitro | Lin et al. (2006) | |
| Anti-tongue squamous cancer | Aloe-emodin | 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 μM | in vitro | Chiu et al. (2009) | |
| Exhibited cytotoxic effects against neuroblastoma cells | Aloe-emodin | ED50 of 7 μM | in vitro | Pecere et al. (2000) | |
| Exhibited cytotoxic effects against B16–F10 melanoma cells | Aloe-emodin | IC50 values of 60 μM | in vitro | Tabolacci et al. (2010) | |
| Anti-colon cancer | Emodin | 40 mg/kg/every 3 days, intraperitoneal injection, for 39 days | in vivo | Ma et al. (2012) | |
| Anti-gallbladder cancer | Emodin | 50 mg/kg/day, intraperitoneal injection, for 18 days | in vivo | Wang et al. (2011) | |
| Reduce the cytotoxicity of fibrosarcoma and U251 human glioma cell lines. | Aloe-emodin | 2.5, 5, 10, 20, 40 and 80 μM | in vitro | Birgitte et al. (2007) | |
| Anti-apoptotic effect | Emodin | 1, 5, 10, 20 and 40 μM | in vitro | Birgitte et al. (2007) | |
| Anti-head and neck squamous cell carcinoma | Emodin | 25 and 50 mg/kg/day, 5 days per week, intraperitoneal injection, for 4 weeks | in vivo | Way et al. (2014) | |
| Exhibited cytotoxic effects against HepG2 cells | Emodin | 30–120 μM | in vitro | Yu, et al. (2013) | |
| Anti-prostate cancer, lung cancer, colon cancer, bone cancer | Emodin | GL50(μM)—LNCaP(10), PC-3(36.4), A549(21.7), HCT-15(33.1), MG-63(50) | in vitro | Masaldan and Iyer (2014) | |
| Anti-esophageal cancer | Emodin | 2.5,5.0,10.0,20.0 μg/mL | in vitro | Liu et al. (2009a) | |
| Anti-inflammatory effects | Ameliorated colon damage | 2,3,5,4′-tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-d-glucoside | 60 and 120 mg/kg/day, po., for 7 days | in vivo | Wang et al. (2008) |
| Attenuates proinflammatory factors in microglia | 2,3,5,4′-tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-d-glucoside | 50 μM | in vitro | Huang et al. (2013) | |
| Inhibited mouse ear edema and rat paw edema | 2,3,5,4′-tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-d-glucoside | 9.2 mg/kg for inhibited mouse ear edema, 12.8 mg/kg for inhibited rat paw edema | in vivo | Zhang et al. (2007b) | |
| Beneficial effects on colitis | 2,3,5,4′-tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-d-glucoside | intragastric administered 10, 30, 60 mg/kg for 7 days | in vivo | Zeng et al. (2011) | |
| Increased in LPS-induced mouse mastitis | Emodin | 1, 2, and 4 mg/kg, i.p., one administration | in vivo | Li et al. (2013a) | |
| Exhibited intensive anti-inflammation effect | Ethanol extract | po., 0.58 g/kg, 1.15 g/kg, 2.30 g/kg, 4.60 g/kg and 9.20 g/kg, for 3 days | in vivo | Lv et al. (2001) | |
| Promote hair growth | Increase in the proliferation of dermal papilla cells and increased hair-fiber length | Torachrysone-8-O-β-d-glucoside | 10 and 20 μM | in vitro | Sun et al. (2013) |
| Ameliorates diabetic Nephropathy | Alleviation of oxidative stress injury and overexpression of COX-2 and TGF-β1, partially via activation of SIRT1 | 2,3,5,4′-tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-d-glucoside | 10 and 20 mg/kg/day, po., for 56 days | in vivo | Wang et al. (2009b) |
| Treatment SARS | Blocked the S protein and ACE2 | Emodin | IC50 was 200 μM | in vitro | Ho et al. (2007) |
| Prevent cardiac remodeling | Prevent cardiac remodeling | 2,3,5,4′-tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-d-glucoside | 30, 60, 120 mg/kg/day | in vivo | Xu et al. (2014) |
| Anti-platelet activity | Anti-platelet activity | 2,3,5,4′-tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-d-glucoside | 10 and 50 μM | in vitro | Xiang et al. (2014) |
| Prevented developmental anomalies | Prevented developmental anomalies in cultured mouse fetus induced by ethanol | Emodin | 1×10−5 and 1×10−4 μg/ml | in vitro | Yon et al. (2013) |
| Inhibit tonic tension | Inhibit tonic tension through suppressing PKCδ-mediated inhibition of myosin phosphatase | Emodin | 1 μM to 10 μM | in vitro | Lim et al. (2014) |
| Cerebrovascular protective effects | Against ischemic brain injury | Hexane extracts, ethyl acetate extracts and methanol extracts of Polygonum multiflorum | 100 mg/kg | in vivo | Lee et al. (2014) |