Table 2.
OIE reportable livestock diseases present in the United States with a known wildlife component.
| Disease | Affected livestock | Wildlife host | Citation | Transmission mode |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Anthrax | Ruminantsc, horsesc-sc, swinec-sc | All mammals susceptible, environmental reservoirs | (Hugh-Jones and De Vos, 2002) | Direct |
| Aujeszky's disease | Domestic swinec, cattlec, sheepc, goatsc, horseso | Feral Swiner, wild mammalss | (Hahn et al., 1997, Corn et al., 2004, Kirkpatrick et al., 1980, Spickler et al., 2010) | Direct, indirect |
| Avian chlamydiosis | Ducksc, turkeysc, chickenso | Gullsr, ducksr, heronsr, egretsr, pigeonsr, blackbirdsr, gracklesr, house sparrowsr, killdeerr, raptorss, shorebirdss, migratory birdss | (Vanrompay et al., 1995, Thomas et al., 2007, Spickler et al., 2010) | Direct, indirect |
| Avian infectious bronchitis | Chickensc | Wild birdsu | (Jonassen et al., 2005, Muradrasoli et al., 2010) | Direct, indirect |
| Avian influenza | Chickensc, turkeysc, ducksc, geesec, game birdsc | Numerous wild birdsr, many mammals susceptiblea | (Cook, 2005, Olsen et al., 2006) | Direct, indirect |
| Avian mycoplasmosis (Mycoplasma gallisepticum, Mycoplasma synoviae) | Chickensc, turkeysc, game birdsc, ducksc, geesec | House finchesa, American goldfinchesa, purple finchesa, eastern tufted titmicea, pine grosbeaksa, evening grosbeaksa, othersa | (Thomas et al., 2007, Luttrell et al., 2001, Ley et al., 1996, Spickler et al., 2010) | Direct, indirect |
| Bluetongue | Sheepc, goatsc, cattlesc | Wild ovine speciesa, cervidsa, water buffaloa, pronghorna, | (Williams and Barker, 2001, Stallknecht et al., 1991, Robinson et al., 1967, Spickler et al., 2010, Hoff and Trainer, 1978) | Arthropod-borne |
| Bovine anaplasmosis | Cattlec | Cervidsr | (Woldehiwet, 2010, Kuttler, 1984) | Arthropod-borne |
| Bovine babesiosis* | Cattlec | White-tailed deers, water buffalos, African buffalos, reindeers | (Spickler et al., 2010, Schoelkopf et al., 2005, Cantu-C et al., 2009) | Arthropod-borne |
| Bovine genital campylobacteriosis | Cattlec | Numerousr | (Williams and Barker, 2001) | Direct, indirect |
| Bovine tuberculosis | Primarily cattlec | White-tailed deerr, feral swiner, numerous spillover hosts | (O’Brien et al., 2006, Buddle et al., 2000, Williams and Barker, 2001, Spickler et al., 2010) | Direct, indirect |
| Bovine viral diarrhea | Cattlec, camelidsc, bisono | White-tailed deerr, mule deers, caribous, pronghorns, elks, mooses, bisons | (Passler et al., 2007, Zarnke, 1983, Williams and Barker, 2001, Duncan et al., 2008) | Direct, indirect |
| Brucellosis (Brucella abortus) | Cattlec, sheepc, horseso | Bisonr, water buffalor, elkr, feral swineu, numerous spillover hosts | (Olsen, 2010b, Zarnke, 1983, Williams and Barker, 2001, Spickler et al., 2010) | Direct, indirect |
| Brucellosis (Brucella ovis)** | Sheepc | Red deera | (Ridler and West, 2002, Spickler et al., 2010) | Direct, indirect |
| Brucellosis (Brucella suis) | Domestic swinec, horseso | Feral swiner, European harer, caribour, reindeerr, rodentsr, numerous spillover hosts | (Galindo et al., 2010, Olsen, 2010b, Williams and Barker, 2001, Corn et al., 2009, Spickler et al., 2010) | Direct, indirect |
| Contagious agalactia | Sheepc, goatsc, cattleo, camelidso | Spanish ibexu, roe deeru, red deeru | (Verbisck-Bucker et al., 2008), (Spickler et al., 2010) | Direct, indirect |
| Echinococcosis/hydatidosis | Sheepc, cattlec | Carnivore sp. including canidsr, and felidsr, cervidsu, rodentsu, lagomorphsu, muskratsu | (Leiby et al., 1970, Storandt et al., 2002, Storandt and Kazacos, 1993, Thompson et al., 2006, Spickler et al., 2010) | Indirect |
| Epizootic hemorrhagic disease | Cattlec-sc, sheepsc,o | White-tailed deerr, mule deers, pronghorns, other wild ruminant speciess | (Anonymous, 2006) | Arthropod-borne |
| Equine encephalomyelitis (Eastern and Western) | Equidsc, occasional reports in cattle, sheep, camelids and pigs | Birdsr, rodentsr, jackrabbitsr, white-tailed deers, numerous speciess | (Reisen et al., 2000, Emord and Morris, 1984, Komar et al., 1999, Tate et al., 2005, Schmitt et al., 2007, Spickler et al., 2010) | Arthropod-borne |
| Equine influenza | Equidsc | Wild birdsr, numerous other speciess | (Munster et al., 2007) | Direct, indirect |
| Equine piroplasmosis | Equidsc | Uncertain | (Kellogg et al., 1971, Spickler et al., 2010) | Arthropod-borne |
| Equine rhinopneumonitis | Equidsc | Numerous speciesu | (Kinyili and Thorsen, 1979) | Direct, indirect |
| Fowl cholera | Poultryc | Wild birdsr | (Thomas et al., 2007, Petersen et al., 2001, Botzler, 1991, Blanchong et al., 2006) | Direct, indirect |
| Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis/infectious pustularvulvovaginitis | Cattlec | Several implicatedu | (Zarnke, 1983, Kinyili and Thorsen, 1979) | Direct, indirect |
| Infectious bursal disease | Chickensc, turkeyssc, duckssc, guinea fowlsc, ostrichessc | Game birdsr, Waterfowlr | (Thomas et al., 2007, Candelora et al., 2010, Anonymous, 2008) | Direct, indirect |
| Leptospirosis | Cattlec-sc, sheepc-sc, goatsc-sc, pigsc-sc, horsesc-sc, all mammalsc-sc | Rodentsr, raccoonsr, skunksr, opossumr, nutriar, otherss | (Zarnke, 1983, Williams and Barker, 2001) | Direct, indirect |
| Maedi-visna | Sheepc, goatsc | Wild ruminantsu | (Valas et al., 1997, Spickler et al., 2010) | Direct, indirect is rare |
| Marek's disease | Chickensc, Turkeyso, Quailo | Galliformesr | (Cho and Kenzy, 1975) | Direct, indirect |
| Myxomatosis | Lagomorphsc | Lagomorphsr | (Williams and Barker, 2001, Dwyer et al., 1990) | Arthropod-borne |
| Newcastle disease*** | Chickensc, turkeysc-sc, game birdsc-sc, duckssc, geesesc, pigeonsc-sc | Wild birdsr, exotic birdsr | (Thomas et al., 2007, Brugh and Beard, 1984, Seal et al., 2000, Clubb and Hinsch, 1982, Spickler et al., 2010) | Direct, indirect |
| Paratuberculosis | Cattlec, sheepc, goatsc | Wild ruminantsr, rabbitsr, numerous wild mammalsu | (Williams and Barker, 2001, Corn et al., 2005, Greig et al., 1997, Spickler et al., 2010, Ayele et al., 2001) | Direct, indirect |
| Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome | Swinec | Feral swiner | (Williams and Barker, 2001, Corn et al., 2009) | Direct, indirect |
| Pullorum disease | Chickensc, turkeysc, pheasantsc, other poultryo | Waterfowlr, numerous wild bird speciesu | (Thomas et al., 2007, Shivaprasad, 2000) | Direct, indirect |
| Q fever | Cattlec-sc, sheepc-sc, goatsc-sc | Numerous species including mammalsr, birdsr, and reptilesr | (Zarnke, 1983, Spickler et al., 2010) | Direct, indirect, arthropod borne |
| Rabbit hemorrhagic disease | Domestic Oryctolaguscuniculusc | Wild Oryctolaguscuniculusc | (Williams and Barker, 2001, Spickler et al., 2010) | Direct, indirect |
| Rabies | All mammals susceptible | Raccoonsr, coyotesr, foxr, batsr, skunksr, mongooser, bobcatsu, otherss | (Sterner and Smith, 2006, Krebs et al., 2003, Spickler et al., 2010) | Direct |
| Transmissible gastroenteritis | Swinec | Feral swiner | (Williams and Barker, 2001) | Direct, indirect |
| Trichinellosis | Swinec-sc | Carnivoresa, feral swinea, rodentsa, bearsa, othersa | (Murrell et al., 1987) | Direct, indirect |
| Tularemia | Sheepc, horseso, pigso | Lagomorphsr, muskratsr, rodentsr, minks, prairie dogss, otherss | (Al Dahouk et al., 2005, Williams and Barker, 2001, Spickler et al., 2010, Jellison and Parker, 1945, Morner, 1992) | Direct, indirect, arthropod-borne |
| Vesicular stomatitis | Cattlec, swinec, equidsc, camelidssc, sheepsc, goatssc | Numerous wildlife species susceptible including mammals and birds, reservoir hosts unknown | (Williams and Barker, 2001, Spickler et al., 2010, Webb et al., 1987) | Direct, indirect, arthropod-borne |
| West Nile | Equidsc, domestic geesec | Wild birdsr, other speciesu | (Daszak et al., 2001, Thomas et al., 2007, Spickler et al., 2010) | Arthropod-borne |
| Diseases of importance that are not OIE listed. | ||||
| Chronic Wasting Disease | Domestic cervidsc | Wild cervidsr | (Williams and Barker, 2001, Williams et al., 2002, Baeten et al., 2007, Williams, 2005, Hamir et al., 2001) | Direct, indirect |
| Malignant Catarrhal Fever | Cattlec, bisonc, swinec, sheepsc, goatssc | Wildebeestr, oryxs, ibexs, cervidss, wild ovine and caprinespeciesr | (Williams and Barker, 2001, Spickler et al., 2010) | Direct |
| Plague | Domestic mammalsc-sc | Prairie dogsr, chipmunksr, groundrsquirrelsr, other rodentsr, carnivoress, numerous other speciesa | (Salkeld and Stapp, 2006) | Direct, indirect, arthropod-borne |
| Trichomoniasis (Trichomonasgallinae) | Poultryc, dovesc, pigeonsc | Pigeonsr, dovesr, falconsa, hawksa, othersa | (Thomas et al., 2007) | Direct, indirect |
*
Bovine babesiosis is not present in cattle in the United States however the causative agent has been reported in wildlife and a vector eradication program exists.
**
B. ovis has been found to cause poor semen quality in red deer but abortions have not been reported. The role potential role of red deer is still in doubt.
***
The United States is considered free from new castle disease in poultry however new castle disease is present in free ranging species and is included here for completeness.
c = clinical
sc = subclinical
c-sc = may be clinical or subclinical
o = occasional reports
r = reservoir
s = spillover
a = affected species (not a true reservoir, nor a spillover host)
u = uncertain